The open reading frame 2 (ha2) of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV), a conserved gene in most baculoviruses from lepidopteran insects such as p78/83 of the Autographa californica MNPV, was characterized. It is 1,242 bp long and potentially encodes a 45.9 kDa. Ha2 is conserved among baculoviruses from lepidopteran insects. Ha2 transcripts were detected fr...

The HA2 protein of the Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) is a WASP homology protein capable of nucleating branched actin filaments in the presence of the Arp2/3 complex in vitro. To determine the role of ha2 in the HearNPV life cycle, ha2 knockout and ha2 repair bacmids were constructed. Transfection and infection analysis demonstrated that the ha2 null bac...

One of the best characterized fusion proteins, the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), mediates fusion between the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane during viral entry into the cell. In the initial conformation of HA, its fusogenic subunit, the transmembrane protein HA2, is locked in a metastable conformation by the receptor-binding HA1 subunit of HA. Acidification in the endosome trigg...

BACKGROUND The conserved, fusion-active HA2 glycopolypeptide (HA2) subunit of influenza A hemagglutinin comprises four distinct antigenic sites. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing three of these sites are broadly cross-reactive and protective. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish whether antibodies specific to these three antigenic sites were elicited during a natural influenza infe...

The extensive refolding of the membrane-anchoring chain of hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus (termed HA2) in cellular endosomes, which initiates viral entry by membrane fusion, suggests that viral HA is meta-stable. HA2 polypeptide residues 38-175 expressed in Escherichia coli are reported here to fold in vivo into a soluble trimer. The structure appears to be the same as the low-pH-induced...

Endocytosis has been proposed as one of the primary mechanisms for cellular entry of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and their cargoes. However, a major limitation of endocytic pathway is entrapment of the CPP-cargo in intracellular vesicles from which the cargo must escape into the cytoplasm to exert its biological activity. Here we demonstrate that a CPP tagged with an endosomolytic fusion p...

PURPOSE The purpose was to design a new construction containing influenza virus (H1N1) M2e gene and HA2 gene by bioinformatics approach, cloning the construct in to Escherichia coli and produce M2e-HA2 peptide. METHODS The procedure was done by virus cultivation in SPF eggs, hemagglutination assay (HA), RNA isolation, RT-PCR, primers designed (DNAMAN 4 and Oligo7), virtual fusion construction...

The hydropathy profile of hemagglutinin (HA) subunits HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus X31 and A/PR 8/34 is analyzed at different pH. At neutral pH (7.4) pronounced hydrophobic sequences of HA correspond to the N-terminus and the transmembrane spanning sequence of HA2. At pH 5.0 where influenza virus is known to fuse with biological membranes several hydrophobic sequences in the ectodomain exist ...