Preoperative localization is necessary prior to video assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the detection of small or deeply located lung nodules. We compared the localization ability of a mixture of lipiodol and methylene blue (MLM) (0.6 mL, 1:5) to methylene blue (0.5 mL) in rabbit lungs. CT-guided percutaneous injections were performed in 21 subjects with MLM and methylene blue. We measured the...

The aim of this study was to compare and analyze the site-specific accuracy of mixture of lipiodol and methylene blue (MLM) (0.6 ml, 1:5) and pure methylene blue (0.5 ml) on the rabbit lungs. In this study, CT-guided percutaneous injection of MLM and methylene blue. Compare the staining degree by biopsy of lung tissue. Use 4 points system to evaluate the site-specific accuracy at 6h and 24 h af...

There are errors in the Author Contributions. Christoph Buettner should be listed as one of the persons who conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. The correct contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: MLM and CB. Performed the experiments: MLM EK CL MLF. Analyzed ...

Recently, Fan [4, Math. Comput., 81 (2012), pp. 447-466] proposed a modified Levenberg-Marquardt (MLM) method for nonlinear equations. Using a trust region technique, global and cubic convergence of the MLM method is proved [4] under the local error bound condition, which is weaker than nonsingularity. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the convergence properties of the MLM method with ...

Data from repeated measures experiments are usually analyzed with conventional ANOVA. Three well-known problems with ANOVA are the sphericity assumption, the design effect (sampling hierarchy), and the requirement for complete designs and data sets. This tutorial explains and demonstrates multi-level modeling (MLM) as an alternative analysis tool for repeated measures data. MLM allows us to est...

Over the last decade multi-level modeling (MLM) approaches have been addressing the need for relaxing the strict constraints on intraand interlayer type-instance relationships that are imposed by traditional approaches to meta-modeling. In this paper we explore MLM approaches in the context of Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE), propose a meta-language, and show how it can represent three...

Multilevel Models (MLM) have pioneered the analysis of hierarchical data of two or more levels. Agent-Based Models (ABM) are also used to analyse social phenomena in which there are two or more levels involved. This paper addresses a comparison between MLM and ABM. To provide a basis of comparison, we focus on differential school effectiveness analysis, where MLM has been well studied, using da...

Multilevel Models (MLM) have pioneered the analysis of hierarchical data, with two or more levels. Agent-Based Models (ABM) are also used to analyse social phenomena in which there are two or more levels involved. This paper addresses the integration between MLM and ABM. To provide a basis of comparison, we focus on differential school effectiveness analysis, where MLM has been well studied, us...

Statistical analyses in psycholinguistics are often done by two separate ANOVAs for repeated measures, over subjects and over items. Multi-level modeling (MLM), by contrast, combines all random factors, subjects and items and any others, into a single full analysis. This property alone makes multi-level modeling superior over conventional single-level ANOVA techniques. This paper explains the b...

Research about the effect of cooperative learning settings faces the challenge of dealing with hierarchical data where observations regarding the learners are not stochastically independent. Standard methods like ANOVAs cannot deal with such data adequately. The article introduces multilevel modelling (MLM) as a statistical approach adequate for nested data. MLM allows taking into account inter...