In this paper, we study the asymptotic distributions for least-squares (OLS), fully modi ed (FM), and dynamic OLS (DOLS) estimators in cointegrated regression models in panel data. We show that the OLS, FM, and DOLS estimators are all asymptotically normally distributed. However, the asymptotic distribution of the OLS estimator is shown to have a non-zero mean. Monte Carlo results examine the s...

This paper develops a fully modified OLS estimator for cointegrating polynomial regressions, i.e. for regressions including deterministic variables, integrated processes and powers of integrated processes as explanatory variables and stationary errors. The errors are allowed to be serially correlated and the regressors are allowed to be endogenous. The paper thus extends the fully modified appr...

This paper proposes a semiparametrically modified OLS (SM-OLS) estimator and a semiparametrically modified IV (SM-IV) estimator via kernel method for linear cointegrating models when cointegrating equilibrium errors respond instantaneously to changes of the first-differenced integrated regressor in the linear cointegrating models. Both the proposed estimators are shown to have a mixed normal li...

The rising carbon dioxide emissions from the MENA region constitute a severe danger to environment, public health, and execution of United Nations SDGs. Substantial steps are required solve this problem maintain region’s sustainable future. Hence, current study focused on distinct factors, including renewable energy, energy intensity, green innovation, GDP, CO2 1990 2021. research determines mu...

This paper is concerned with parameter estimation and inference in a cointegrating regression, where as usual endogenous regressors as well as serially correlated errors are considered. We propose a simple, new estimation method based on an augmented partial sum (integration) transformation of the regression model. The new estimator is labelled Integrated Modi…ed Ordinary Least Squares (IM-OLS)...

This paper provides a robust statistical approach to nonstationary time series regression and inference. Fully modified extensions of traditional robust statistical procedures are developed that allow for endogeneities in the nonstation-ary regressors and serial dependence in the shocks that drive the regressors and the errors that appear in the equation being estimated. The suggested estima-to...

Time preferences vary by age. Notably, according to experimental studies, senior citizens tend to discount future payoff s more heavily than working-age individuals. Based on these fi ndings, we hypothesize that demographic change has contributed to the cut-back in government-fi nanced investment that many advanced economies experienced over the last four decades. We demonstrate for a panel of ...

Falling is one of the most common complications in stroke survivors. It is therefore important to evaluate the risk of falls. In this study, we investigated the usability of the performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) for predicting falls in stroke patients. The POMA examines the level of balance and mobility. Data were collected on the number of falls and physical functions from 72 str...