Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is considered as a powerful approach to improve the utilization of scarce spectrum resources. However, if CSS assumes that all secondary users (SU) are honest, it may offer opportunities for attackers to conduct a spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack. To suppress such a threat, recent efforts have been made to develop trust mechanisms. Currently, ...

In cognitive radio networks, spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack is a crucial factor deteriorating the detection performance of cooperative spectrum sensing. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel probabilistic soft SSDF attack model, which goes beyond the existing models for its generalization. Under this generalized SSDF attack model, we firstly obtain closed form express...

Cognitive radio is a promising technology to improve the utilization of wireless spectrum resources. A serious threat to cognitive radio networks (CRN) which sense the spectrum in a cooperative manner is the transmission of false spectrum sensing data by malicious secondary nodes, namely spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks. SSDF attackers start to attack the network in the case o...

BACKGROUND Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a chemoattractant of stem/progenitor cells, and several studies have shown that SDF-1 may improve ventricular function after infarction. SDF-1 is cleaved by proteases including matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4), which are activated in injured tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the biodistribu...

Cognitive Radio (CR) networks enable dynamic spectrum access and can significantly improve spectral efficiency. Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) exploits the spatial diversity between CR users to increase sensing accuracy. However, in a realistic scenario, the trustworthy of CSS is vulnerable to Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attack. In an SSDF attack, some malicious CR users deli...

Multiple secondary users (SUs) perform collaborative spectrum sensing (CSS) in cognitive radio networks to improve the performance. However, this system severely degrades with data falsification (SSDF) attacks from a large number of malicious users, i.e., massive SSDF attacks. To mitigate such attacks, we propose joint and access framework. During sensing, each SU compares decisions CSS indepen...

In this paper, we consider reliable cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive networks under the Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attacks. One effective method to mitigate the SSDF attacks is the q-out-of-m fusion scheme, where the final decision is based on q sensing reports from m polled users. In this paper, first, we derive the asymptotic behavior of the fusion scheme as the netwo...

Collaborative spectrum sensing (CSS) was envisioned to improve the reliability of spectrum sensing in centralized cognitive radio networks (CRNs). However, secondary users (SUs)’ changeable environment and ease of compromise make CSS vulnerable to security threats, which further mislead the global decision making and degrade the overall performance. A popular attack in CSS is the called spectru...