Introduction: The objective of this study was to examine the influence of sahour meal on exercise performance, and physiological responses to a 10Km Time-Trial (10KTT) at two different times of the day during Ramadan. Method: Three well-trained Muslim runners participated (age, 25±0.8years; maximal oxygen uptake, 54.87±3.45 ml.kg-1.min-1; body weight, 52.4±1.99 kg; height, 162.7±3.55 cm).  Subj...

In modern systems, DRAM-based main memory is significantly slower than the processor. Consequently, processors spend a long time waiting to access data from main memory, making the long main memory access latency one of the most critical bottlenecks to achieving high system performance. Unfortunately, the latency of DRAM has remained almost constant in the past decade. This is mainly because DR...

The energy consumption of DRAM is a critical concern in modern computing systems. Improvements in manufacturing process technology have allowed DRAM vendors to lower the DRAM supply voltage conservatively, which reduces some of the DRAM energy consumption. We would like to reduce the DRAM supply voltage more aggressively, to further reduce energy. Aggressive supply voltage reduction requires a ...

In this paper average power consumption of dram cell designs have been analyzed for the nanometer scale memories. Many modern processors use dram for on chip data and program memory. The major contributor of power in dram is the off state leakage current. Improving the power efficiency of a dram cell is critical for the improvement in average power consumption of the overall system. 3T dram cel...

In recent years, due to well-known “memory-wall” limitations, DRAM latency and energy/bit characteristics have not improved as rapidly as DRAM capacity and bandwidth with technology scaling. Despite plenty of research efforts during the last decade to overcome the hurdles in DRAM scaling, high performance computing systems of the future will still require improvements in DRAM latency and bandwi...

Over the past two decades, the storage capacity and access bandwidth of main memory have improved tremendously, by 128x and 20x, respectively. These improvements are mainly due to the continuous technology scaling of DRAM (dynamic random-access memory), which has been used as the physical substrate for main memory. In stark contrast with capacity and bandwidth, DRAM latency has remained almost ...

Autophagy is a membrane-trafficking process that serves to deliver cytoplasmic proteins and organelles to the lysosome for degradation. The process is genetically defined and many of the factors involved are conserved from yeast to man. Recently, a number of new autophagy regulators have been defined, including the Damage-Regulated Autophagy Modulator (DRAM), which is a lysosomal protein that l...

For decades,mainmemory has enjoyed the continuous scaling of its physical substrate: DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory). But now,DRAMscaling has reached a thresholdwhereDRAMcells cannot bemade smaller without jeopardizing their robustness. This thesis identifies two specific challenges to DRAM scaling, and presents architectural techniques to overcome them. First, DRAMcells are becoming less relia...

This paper summarizes the idea of Adaptive-Latency DRAM (AL-DRAM), which was published in HPCA 2015 [64]. The key goal of AL-DRAM is to exploit the extra margin that is built into the DRAM timing parameters to reduce DRAM latency. The key observation is that the timing parameters are dictated by the worst-case temperatures and worst-case DRAM cells, both of which lead to small amount of charge ...