Many biomedical applications absolutely require, or are substantially enhanced by, coexpression of multiple proteins from a single vector. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A (F2A) and "2A-like" sequences (e.g., Thosea asigna virus 2A; T2A) are used widely for this purpose since multiple proteins can be coexpressed by linking open reading frames (ORFs) to form a single cistron. The activity of F2A ...

BACKGROUND Many biomedical applications require the expression or production of therapeutic hetero-multimeric proteins/protein complexes: in most cases only accomplished by co-ordinated co-expression within the same cell. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A (F2A) and '2A-like' sequences are now widely used for this purpose. Since 2A mediates a co-translational 'cleavage' at its own C-terminus, sequ...

Efficient and stoichiometric expression of genes concatenated by bi- or multi-cistronic vectors has become an invaluable tool not only in basic biology to track and visualize proteins in vivo, but also for vaccine development and in the clinics for gene therapy. To adequately compare, in vivo, the effectiveness of two of the currently popular co-expression strategies - the internal ribosome ent...

The current study was designed to determine whether short-term, systemic treatment with F2A, a mimetic for FGF-2, has skeletal effects in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and adverse side effects in non-skeletal tissues. Groups of sham-operated and OVX rats were maintained untreated for 6 weeks postOVX. These groups (N=6) were then treated IP with vehicle or F2A (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg) daily for 14 d...

Four versions of tricistronic vectors expressing IgG1 light chain (LC), IgG1 heavy chain (HC), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in one transcript were designed to compare internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and furin-2A (F2A) for their influence on monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression level and quality in CHO DG44 cells. LC and HC genes are arranged as either the first or the second cistron. ...

Constriction of Pial Arterioles Produced by Prostaglandin F2U • Prostaglandin F2a constricted pial arterioles when locally applied to the cerebral surface. Norepinephrine and serotonin each elicited similar contractile effects. The constriction produced by F2o in combination with either biogenic amine was greater than the constriction elicited by F2a or amine acting alone. The effect of one age...

1. The histones of trout liver were examined and four main fractions (f1, f2b, f2a and f3) were isolated and characterized. 2. The amino acid analyses, N-terminal group analyses and starch-gel electrophoresis patterns are remarkably similar to the corresponding fractions of calf thymus. 3. The group f2a was also separated into two subfractions, f2al and f2a2, which are similar to those of calf ...

Background/aim: The authors investigated the concentrations of 8-isoprostaglandin F2a, a marker of oxidative stress in vivo, and ascorbic acid, a protectant against oxidative damage, in the aqueous humour of patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and cataract and compared the results with those in age matched patients with cataract, but without XFS, to determine whether XFS is associated with...

In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed as powerful therapeutic and diagnostic agents and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have emerged as the dominant host for the recombinant expression of these proteins. A critical step in recombinant expression is the utilization of strong promoters, such as the Chinese Hamster Elongation Factor-1α (CHEF-1) promoter. To compare th...