conclusions the findings of the study showed that, compared with the opiate users, methamphetamine users are younger, more likely to be single, and less likely to have received treatment. we recommend that policymakers should not only design preventive programs for improving the level of knowledge about stimulant use, but also prepare treatment plans and facilities for this newly emerged substa...

case: a 26-year-old man referred to emergency service with coma, bradypnea (respiratory rate = 4 breaths per minute) and pinpoint pupil. on chest auscultation, diffuse coarse crackle and on abdominal auscultation, decrease of abdominal sounds were found. at first evaluation, pulse oximetry showed 19% saturation of oxygen. after oxygen therapy with facial mask and infusion of 8.4 mg naloxone in ...

background: there are numerous investigations on wide range of issues that disrupt regulatory spermatogenesis, individuals who are exposed to drug abuse faced infertility and immature spermatogenesis. objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the addiction effects of morphine and its derivatives on rats spermatogenesis. materials and methods: 40 male wistar rats were randomly divided int...

introduction: several researches have reported that stress is able to inhibit the development of morphine tolerance via activating of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. in the present study we tried to examine the effect of epinephrine, the product of adrenal medulla, on the development of morphine tolerance. methods: analgesic tolerance was induced by intrathecal (i.t.) injection of mo...

objective(s): neuropathic pain remains a clinical problem and is poorly relieved by conventional analgesics. this study was designed to determine whether maprotiline administration was effective in alleviating symptoms of neuropathic pain and whether the antinociceptive effect of maprotiline mediated through the opioid system. materials and methods: neuropathic pain was induced by chronic const...

chronic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition, conveying immense human burden. suffering from chronic pain is not only caused by painful symptomatology, but also through a wide range of psychopathological and physical consequences, including depression and anxiety disorders, impaired sleep and cognition, cardiovascular morbidity and impaired sexual function, all contributing to diminis...