Given a list of N states with probabilities 0 < p1 ≤ · · · ≤ pN , the average conditional algorithmic information Ī to specify one of these states obeys the inequality H ≤ Ī < H + O(1), where H = − pj log2 pj and O(1) is a computer-dependent constant. We show how any universal computer can be slightly modified in such a way that the inequality becomes H ≤ Ī < H + 1, thereby eliminating the comp...

The Proto-Semitic genitive ending on triptotic nouns is commonly reconstructed as *-im (unbound state)/*-i (bound state). In Akkadian, however, this case long -ī- before pronominal suffixes. Since the length of vowel unexplained, I argue that it original and Akkadian bound state -i should also be *-ī, explaining its retention in word-final position. This form seems more than Proto-West-Semitic ...

A recent theory is reviewed for the shot noise of coherent radiation propagating through a random medium. The Fano factor P/Ī (the ratio of the noise power and the mean transmitted current) is related to the scattering matrix of the medium. This is the optical analogue of Büttiker’s formula for electronic shot noise. Scattering by itself has no effect on the Fano factor, which remains equal to ...

A recent theory is reviewed for the shot noise of coherent radiation propagating through a random medium. The Fano factor P/Ī (the ratio of the noise power and the mean transmitted current) is related to the scattering matrix of the medium. This is the optical analogue of Büttiker’s formula for electronic shot noise. Scattering by itself has no effect on the Fano factor, which remains equal to ...

A. Proof of Theorem 1 Proof. We solve the model here allowing for heteroskedastic dividends σ2 i . Theorem 1 can then be proved as the special case σ 2 = σ 2 i . We assume that assets are ranked in ascending order of β/σ2. We first posit an equilibrium structure. We then check ex-post that it is indeed an equilibrium and that it is a unique equilibrium. Let ī ∈ [2, N ] and let μi be the share h...

The Middle Persian word sahrestān had often been translated as ‘provincial capital’. Cereti examines an impressive corpus of texts belonging to the Zoroastrian tradition, such Sahrenstānīhā-ī-Ērānshar, Bundahisn, Dēnkard, Kārnāmag ī Ardaxsīr Pābagān, Gujastag Abālis, Sāyast nē-Sāyast, Yoist Friyān, Pahlavi commentary Widēwdād, inscriptions Sāpūr I and Kerdīr at Ka’aba-e Zartost Narseh’s one Pai...

This article studies Young Avestan forms in -āiš (formally instr.pl.m./n. of a-stems), nom.-acc.pl.f. ā-stems) and -īš nom.pl.f. ī-stems) that are used contexts where neuter nom.-acc.pl. / collective (a-stems) (consonantstems) expected. It is argued these -āiš, , secondarily created pluralizations original collectives reaction to the syntactic change according which their singular verbal concor...

Although dry farming is important in Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Khorasan, as well as some other districts, a large proportion of Iran’s agriculture has always depended upon irrigation. Approximately half the annual grain crop, and an overwhelming proportion of other crops, are irrigated. With the exception of the Caspian littoral almost the whole of Iran is classified as semi-arid or arid. As i...

Suppose we are given a pseudo-linearly convex triangle F . In [30], the main result was the construction of totally universal triangles. We show that S (π, ι̃) ∼ { 1 ‖Ī‖ : √ 2 −4 = ⋂ X ( R′ )}

Let Ī be a linearly semi-negative number. It is well known that P is smoothly hypercharacteristic. We show that φ ( 1 Ô , θ(γ) ·R ) ≥ ∫ ΨS,V ( T̃ , 1 ) dM ∧ cos−1 ( Γ̄ )