Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of gram-positive sepsis, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) may be important in causing gram-positive bacterial septic shock. Even though pneumococcal LTA is structurally distinct from the LTA of other gram-positive bacteria, the immunological properties of pneumococcal LTA have not been well characterized. We have investigated the ability of LTAs to stimula...

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) derived from Staphylococcus aureus is reported to be a ligand of TLR2. However, we previously demonstrated that LTA fraction prepared from bacterial cells contains lipoproteins, which activate cells via TLR2. In this study, we investigated the immunobiological activity of LTA fraction obtained from S. aureus wild-type strain, lipoprotein diacylglycerol transferase deleti...

Zeolites, both natural and synthetic, are certainly some of the most versatile minerals for their applications. Since 1940s, they have been used in chemical industry as catalysts, adsorbents ion exchanger extensively, development practical usage is expected to continue upon years. Their versatility result combination peculiar indispensable properties, each which can be found other material a si...

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important cell wall polymer found in gram-positive bacteria. Although the exact role of LTA is unknown, mutants display significant growth and physiological defects. Additionally, modification of the LTA backbone structure can provide protection against cationic antimicrobial peptides. This review provides an overview of the different LTA types and their chemical s...

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) cell walls potently activate phagocytes by a largely TLR2-independent mechanism. In contrast, the cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from diverse Gram-positive bacterial species has been shown to engage TLR2. In this study we examined the role of LTA from GBS in phagocyte activation and the requirements for TLR-LTA interaction. Using cells from knockout mice...

A lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was extracted from Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 1) by phenol-water partition and isolated by gel-filtration chromatography. The LTA exhibited amphiphilic properties by changes in gel-filtration mobility in the presence of detergent buffers and after mild base hydrolysis. In a hemagglutination assay, Listeria LTA bound antibody prepared against a known LTA from Stre...

Infections with Clostridium difficile increasingly cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacterial surface glycans including lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were identified as auspicious vaccine antigens to prevent colonization. Here, we report on the potential of synthetic LTA glycans as vaccine candidates. We identified LTA-specific antibodies in the blood of C. difficile patients. Therefore, we e...

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was extracted from group A streptococci, previously treated with hot HCl, by the phenol method. The extracted LTA was loaded on an isoelectric (IE) focusing column and two fractions were collected; one at pH 4.65 and the other at pH 2.95. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the unfractionated LTA contained alanine and glycerolphosphate at molar ratio of 1:10, and ester-l...

Leukotriene A(4) (LTA(4)) is the precursor for the formation of bioactive leukotrienes, but is highly susceptible to nonenzymatic hydrolysis. Although it is chemically reactive, LTA(4) participates in the process of transcellular metabolism, which requires the transfer of LTA(4) from one cell to another for the production of additional leukotrienes. Due to the susceptibility of LTA(4) to hydrol...