How does snow’s anisotropic directional reflectance affect the mapping of snow properties from imaging spectrometer data? This sensitivity study applies two spectroscopy models to synthetic images of the spectral hemispherical–directional reflectance factor (HDRF) with prescribed snow-covered area and snow grain size. The MEMSCAG model determines both sub-pixel snow-covered area and the grain s...

[1] We described and applied a technique to measure the local midlatitude daytime ionospheric D region electron density profile sharpness from the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide mode interference pattern in the spectra of radio atmospherics (or sferics for short), which are the high‐power, broadband, very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) signals launched by lightning discharges. VLF propagation simula...

[1] We measured the midlatitude daytime ionospheric D region electron density profile height variations in July and August 2005 near Duke University by using radio atmospherics (or sferics for short), which are the high‐power, broadband very low frequency (VLF) signals launched by lightning discharges. As expected, the measured daytime D region electron density profile heights showed temporal v...

UNLABELLED To present the early and mid-term results of fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) using the Zenith fenestrated device for juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (JAAAs) at our center in China. DESIGN Retrospective study.The study included 15 male patients with JAAAs, who underwent FEVAR using the Zenith fenestrated device at our center between February 2011 and June 2015...

Zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) plays an important role in high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning and meteorology. At present, commonly used ZTD forecasting models comprise empirical, meteorological parameter, neural network models. The empirical model can only fit approximate periodic variations, its accuracy is relatively low. of the parameter depends heavily on ...

The sense of olfaction reached its zenith in development much earlier than other special senses. Olfaction is much more acute than the other senses, exhibits both high sensitivity for odours and high discrimination between them. This plays a very important role even in the social and behavioral aspects of human beings. Recent studies using molecular genetics, electrophysiology and behavioral an...