The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives released a study in early January highlighting the growing income disparities between the richest and poorest Canadians. Income tax files from 2007 show that the average income of the top 1% of income earners was over $400,000 compared to about $44,000 for the average Canadian, almost a tenfold difference. Those who laboured at the minimum wage earned...

Background: Intravenous fluids (IVF) are frequently utilized to restore intravascular volume in patients with distributive and hypovolemic shock. Although the benefits of the appropriate use of fluids in intensive care units (ICUs) and hospitals are well described, there is growing knowledge regarding the potential risks of volume overload and its impact on organ failure and mortality. To avoid...

A model of social interactions shows why and when reputation concerns may support an ‘underclass’ culture of street crime where the incentives for such behavior are otherwise weak. Those who do not gain from street crime directly nevertheless find it optimal to invest in violence and thereby build a reputation that will earn them deference from the rest of the community. Even when the fraction ...

Dear Editor, Neonatal screening is a process in which infants are screened for various inborn disorders that may possibly lead to early diagnosis and the prevention of the imperative disability and distress caused later on as a result of congenital and/or inherited diseases.1,2 In numerous countries, the screening process lead to the detection of certain congenital diseases, such as Phenylketon...

background to get more precise responses when gathering information about sensitive topics such as drug use, it is important to use the most optimal method. objectives this study was carried out to address the impact of three interview methods (street-based, household, and telephone interviews) on response pattern to sensitive and non-sensitive questions in terms of participation, disclosure an...

We envision participatory texture documentation (PTD) as a process in which a group of users (dedicated individuals and/or general public) with cameraequipped mobile phones participate in collaborative collection of urban texture information. PTD enables inexpensive, scalable and high quality urban texture documentation. We propose to implement PTD in two steps. At the first step, termed viewpo...

1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Imam Ali Cardiovascular Centre, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran. 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran. 3Yazd Cardiovascular Research Centre, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran ...

Member of Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran Member of Dental Materials Research Center and Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative De...

The city of Yazd has a large number traditional houses. Houses with central courtyards and an Iwan were suitable for establishing thermal comfort conditions. In this research, the effect Iwan's depth ratio adjacent room's openings on condition in residential courtyard buildings evaluated. current research aims to provide optimal model increase sustainable development use such models as contempo...