In this paper, we propose a novel system to analyze vigilance level combining both video and Electrooculography (EOG) features. For one thing, the video features extracted from an infrared camera include percentage of closure (PERCLOS) and eye blinks, slow eye movement (SEM), rapid eye movement (REM) are also extracted from EOG signals. For another, other features like yawn frequency, body post...

morbidity of severe aortic regurgitation: a long-term follow up study. Circulation 1999;99:1851–1857. 31. Pellikka PA, Sarano ME, Nishimura RA, Malouf JF, Bailey KR, Scott CG, Barnes ME, Tajik AJ. Outcome of 622 adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis during prolonged follow-up. Circulation 2005;111:3290–3295. 32. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Pro...

Humans favor others seen as similar to themselves (ingroup) over people seen as different (outgroup), even without explicitly stated bias. Ingroup-outgroup bias extends to involuntary responses, such as empathy for pain. However, empathy biases have not been tested in our close primate relatives. Contagious yawning has been theoretically and empirically linked to empathy. If empathy underlies c...

The capacity of four-dimensional sonography to evaluate complex facial expressions allows recognition of a common behavior, yawning. Although there has been remarkably little interest in yawning in research and medical practice, even though it is an everyday phenomenon, we submit an original interpretation on the basis of knowledge derived from phylogeny and ontogeny. As a flip-flop switch, the...

Although we yawn each and every day, most people have little understanding of why we do it. In fact, the function of yawning has remained mysterious for centuries, even among scientists, and this has only changed quite recently. Contrary to what people have believed for a long time, it is now understood that yawns have nothing to do with breathing or the amount of oxygen we are taking in. Inste...

Process algebra provides essential tools for studying distributed and concurrent systems. Stochastic process algebra (i.e., YAWN ) enhances the process algebra with stochastic extensions which is perfect to analyze phenomena of process with executing durations in the real world. What’s more, in system runs, value passing is tightly bounded with their processes. However, stochastic process algeb...

Brain metastases (BM) are found in approximately 20-40% of all patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in adenocarcinoma (Olak 1999; Yawn et al., 2003). The outcomes of BM from NSCLC are very poor with few effective treatment options. The median overall survival time (OS) of patients without treatment is less than 3 months (Nussbaum et al., 1996). Whole brain radiotherapy (...

Despite the fact that yawning is a reality of everyday life, its study is not included in the curriculum of medical schools, and most medical textbooks barely mention its existence. Two factors may help to explain this puzzling situation: (a) yawning's borderline position between psychology and neurology, and (b) researchers' lack of understanding as to why people yawn. After review of the lite...

This study is the first to demonstrate that human yawns are possibly contagious to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Twenty-nine dogs observed a human yawning or making control mouth movements. Twenty-one dogs yawned when they observed a human yawning, but control mouth movements did not elicit yawning from any of them. The presence of contagious yawning in dogs suggests that this phenomenon is...

A gaping movement of the mouth, commonly called yawning, has been identified in all major classes of vertebrates, including fish (BAERENDS & BAERENDS, 1950; MORRIS, 1954), amphibians and reptiles (MCCUTCHEON, 1970), birds (MARLER, 1956; DFLIUS, 1967) and mammals (CARPENTER, 1940; BARBIZET, 1958; SCHALLER, 1972). Detailed studies of the ethology of this behavior pattern include those of SAUER & ...