Security is the one of the major issue that exists in Mobile Ad hoc network. Mobile Ad hoc network is infrastructure less network so it is vulnerable to several security attacks that are on different layers. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attack on network layer. This paper focuses on the wormhole attack, its classification and the modes by which they are launched. This paper sum...

As Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) doesn’t require pre-existing infrastructure, thus every node is active in data transmission and reception. In MANET various attacks are created by unauthorized transmitter in the network, which may affects on the performance of the network. Wormhole attack is created by collaborative attackers. So confrontation is take place between discoveries and dislodges thi...

We present a traversable-wormhole solution of the gravitational field equation General Relativity without need exotic matter (exotic can, for example, have negative energy density and vanishing isotropic pressure). Instead matter, relies on 3-dimensional "spacetime defect" characterized by locally metric determinant.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are ubiquitous and pervasive, and therefore; highly susceptible to a number of security attacks. Denial of Service (DoS) attack is considered the most dominant and a major threat to WSNs. Moreover, the wormhole attack represents one of the potential forms of the Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Besides, crafting the wormhole attack is comparatively simple; though,...

The infrastructure of a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) has no routers for routing, and all nodes must share the same routing protocol to assist each other when transmitting messages. However, almost all common routing protocols at present consider performance as first priority, and have little defense capability against the malicious nodes. Many researches have proposed various protocols of high...

For real-time communication, we must be able to guarantee timely delivery of messages. In recent years, improvements in technology have made possible switch-based local area networks (LANs) and system area networks (SANs) that use wormhole switching, a pipelined switching technique which permits significantly shorter network latencies and higher throughputs than traditional store-and-forward pa...

Christopher Nolan’s science fiction movie Interstellar offers a variety of opportunities for students in elementary courses on general relativity theory. This paper describes such opportunities, including: (i) At the motivational level, the manner in which elementary relativity concepts underlie the wormhole visualizations seen in the movie. (ii) At the briefest computational level, instructive...

In ad hoc networks, malicious nodes can carry wormhole attacks to fabricate a false scenario on neighbour relations among mobile nodes. The attacks threaten the safety of ad hoc routing protocols and some security enhancements. In the wormhole attack, an attacker records packets (or bits) at one location in the network, tunnels them (possibly selectively) to another location, and retransmits th...

The nature of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks make them very attractive to attackers. One of the most popular and serious attack in wireless ad hoc networks is wormhole attacks and most proposed protocols to defend against this attack used positioning devices, synchronized clocks, or directional antennas This paper analyzes the nature of wormhole attack and existing methods of defending mec...

As DV-Hop algorithm estimates distance by distance vector exchanging, positioning process is vulnerable to devastate wormhole attacking. An improved DV-Hop algorithm (AWADV-Hop) which resists wormhole attack is proposed, based on the original algorithm in this paper. To solve the problem that hops and the average distance per hop is the most vulnerable to wormhole attack in DV-Hop. This paper f...