in this paper asymmetric price transmission mechanism and nonlinear adjustment between producer and retail prices of milk were examined in zanjan province of iran. for this purpose, a two-regime threshold vector error correction model (tvecm) and a sup-lm test developed by hansen and seo (2002) were employed for checking presence of a threshold effect. application of unit root tests indicated t...

W retailers have sales data to forecast demand, manufacturers have a broad understanding of the market and the coming trends. It is well known that pooling such demand information within a distribution channel improves supply chain logistics. However, little is known about how information-sharing affects wholesale pricing incentives. In this paper, we investigate a channel structure where a man...

We consider a supply chain in which one manufacturer sells a seasonal product to the end market through a retailer. Faced with uncertain market demand and limited capacity, the manufacturer can maximize its profits by adopting one of two strategies, namely, wholesale price rebate or capacity expansion. In the former, the manufacturer provides the retailer with a discount for accepting early del...

One of the key DR applications involves the use of smart appliances and devices within a facility (residential or small commercial buildings) that can be programmed and automated to respond to DR signals (that could be either pricing signals or other energy curtailment signals) arriving from a utility, wholesale market, or a 3 party energy service providers. Several technical, business, and pol...

Firstly, this paper develop a basic two-echelon DCSC model as the comparative benchmark in the general case of the stochastic demand effected by the service level of the retailer, where the manufacturer's optimal direct price, wholesale price and the retailer's optimal retail price were achieved under Stackelberg game. Then, through incorporate the fairness preference and risk-aversion characte...

Transmission expansions can increase the extent of competition faced by wholesale electricity suppliers with the ability to exercise unilateral market power. This can cause them to submit offer curves closer to their marginal cost curves, which sets market-clearing prices closer to competitive benchmark price levels. These lower wholesale market-clearing prices are the competitiveness benefit c...

Integrated device manufacturers (IDMs) and foundries are two types of manufacturers in the semiconductor industry. IDMs integrate both design and manufacturing functions while foundries solely focus on manufacturing. Since foundries often have cost advantage over IDMs due to their specialization and economies of scale, IDMs have incentives to source from foundries for the purpose of avoiding ex...

Results The data show that in Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK wholesale remuneration is negotiated between manufacturers and wholesalers. In the remaining countries, a maximum allowed wholesale remuneration is regulated on a legal basis, at least for reimbursable medicines. In these countries, wholesale remuneration generally depends on the price of the medi...

AIMS No modern jurisdiction has ever legalized commercial production, distribution and possession of cannabis for recreational purposes. This paper presents insights about the effect of legalization on production costs and consumption and highlights important design choices. METHODS Insights were uncovered through our analysis of recent legalization proposals in California. The effect on the ...

Most US consumers are charged a near-constant retail price for electricity, despite substantial hourly variation in the wholesale market price. The Smart Grid is a set of emerging technologies that will facilitate "real-time pricing" for electricity and increase price elasticity of demand. This paper simulates the e¤ects of this increased demand elasticity using counterfactual simulations in a ...