A theory advanced in regulatory hearings holds that market performance will be improved if one side of themarket is forced to publicly reveal preferences. For example, wholesale electricity producers claim that retail electricity consumers would pay lower prices if wholesale public utility demand is disclosed to producers. Experimental markets studied here featured decentralized, privately nego...

Wholesale affiliates account for a significant share of the foreign earnings of multinational firms. Yet little is known about them since empirical work on multinationals typically focuses on manufacturing affiliates. Instead, it has been presupposed that wholesale affiliates are a form of exporting by the parent company, and not a form of foreign direct investment. This paper presents evidence...

This study evaluates the impacts of the trade liberalization under Doha Round on basmati rice in Pakistan using a partial equilibrium model. Price integration analysis shows that there is a stable long-run relationship between farm gate price and wholesale price and between wholesale price and world price of basmati and non-basmati rice. Direction of influence is from world price to wholesale p...

At the micro perspectives, many studies have identified total shipment quantity, wholesale price at previous day, national holiday effect, as the variables affecting the wholesale price level of stored apple. However, the report of production volume effect at a given year on wholesale price level from the point of macro perspectives in practice, especially in agricultural industry, has been rel...

This paper studies the e¤ect of pharmaceutical regulation at the wholesale level, if markets are integrated by parallel trade, i.e. trade outside the manufacturer’s authorized distribution channel. In particular, maximum wholesale margins, a restriction of pricing by the intermediary, and mandatory rebates, a restriction of the pricing by the manufacturer, are analyzed with respect to their e¤e...

We study how a major retailer passes wholesale price changes onto its regular retail prices using an unusually detailed dataset that allows us to study discrete price change events. The data reveals that the pass-through decision has two components: the firm decides whether to change its regular retail prices, and then conditional on this decision, it selects the magnitude of the price change. ...

The scope of a wholesale market may, in addition to demandand supply-side substitution at the wholesale level, also be determined by substitution patterns at the retail level. Considering wholesale broadband access markets, it is argued that each of these forces can be strong enough to render a 5-10% price increase by a hypothetical monopolist at the wholesale level unprofitable and thus may le...

This study presents a new explanation ofasymmetric price behavior infood markets based on the presence of transactions costs, and provides evidence from a developing country. Price liberalization can in many cases be insufficient for efficient operation ofAfrican food markets. This is mainly due to the existence of significant transactions costs, caused by deficient infrastructure and informati...

This study proposes a novel option-revenue sharing coordination contract framework. In the proposed model, the retailer determines the number of order sales effort. The manufacturer sets the price of products for the wholesale strategy. The investigated supply chain problem analyzes the results of different strategies. In the proposed coordination contract problem, two types of games including ...