Great Britain's 1983 "Christmas Crusade" against drunken drivers, during which the police of England and Wales administered an average of 1350 breath tests daily, is discussed. Although not deliberately planned and organized, the campaign, fueled by press reports, was perceived by many observes to be a national organized deterrent effort. To test the hypothesis that the crusade reduced drunken ...

(d) Suppose list1 contains N1 elements and list2 contains N2 elements. The first while loop is executed O(N1) times. The body of this loop takes O(N1) since GetNextItem takes O(1) and InsertItem takes O(N1). So, the complexity of the first loop is O(N1N1). The second while loop is executed O(N2) times. The body of that loop takes O(N1+N2) time since GetNextItem takes O(1), RetrieveItem takes O(...

Adolescence is often described as a period of heightened risk-taking. Adolescents are notorious for impulsivity, emotional volatility, and risky behaviors such as drinking and driving under the influence of alcohol. By contrast, we found that risk-taking declines linearly from childhood to adulthood when individuals make choices over monetary gambles. Further, with age we found increases in the...

Today, many pregnant women take a brief period of time off from work to give birth. In this paper, I identify the effects of pregnancy employment on health at birth. My initial results show that pregnancy employment has beneficial effects. However, these effects often become statistically insignificant when I control for earnings from pregnancy employment, when I exclusively examine women emplo...

It’s that time, early in the cycle of U.S. presidential campaigns, when candidates try to attract attention by announcing their personal plans for reforming the government.This year’s proposals runthestrangegamut frombuildingawall on the Mexican border to keeping out undocumented Hispanic immigrants to banning all Muslims, even Muhammad Ali, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and other iconic Muslim-American...

We report a way to build a series of GOMS-like cognitive user models representing a range of performance at different stages of learning. We use a spreadsheet task across multiple sessions as an example task; it takes about 20~30 min. to perform. The models were created in ACT-R using a compiler. The novice model has 29 rules and 1,152 declarative memory task elements (chunks)—it learns to crea...

Edge-driven innovation is gaining recognition from organizational strategists as an important source of explorative capability. Yet its effectiveness depends on being able to move practices accomplished by front-line workers as they interact with customers. This paper presents a study of a large retail chain that has implemented centrally driven initiatives for fostering edge-based innovation. ...