the importance of genetic and congenital factors which causes many diseases and disabilities is obvious with a glance at the facts and figures in the world. in iran, like many other middle eastern countries, certain factors exist that worsen the situation, such as: 1. high percentage of consanguinous marriages, 2. high incidence and prevalence of hemoglobinopathies (ex. b-thalassemia & g6pd-d),...

The problem of how to objectively assess the overall welfare status of animals under farming conditions has contributed to an ongoing debate that has hampered actual decision making on animal welfare. For this reason we constructed a model based on the assumed hierarchical organization of the animals' needs for overall welfare assessment in the case of pregnant sows. This model is implemented i...

We identify the “organization” of a human social group as the communication network(s) within that group. We then introduce three theoretical approaches to analyzing what determines the structures of human organizations. All three approaches adopt a group-selection perspective, so that the group’s network structure is (approximately) optimal, given the information-processing limitations of agen...

Enacted in 1948 in Japan, the Eugenic Protection Act originates from the national eugenic law (also called the sterilization law) and had con­ siderable eugenic ideology. Article 1 of this Act states its purpose that “from the eugenic point of view, it aims to prevent the birth of inferior off­ spring as well as to protect maternal life and health.” The association of maternal welfare was estab...

This study examines the effects of social welfare expenditures on infant mortality (deaths younger than age 1 per 1,000 live births) across 19 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1980 to 2010. Data are obtained from various sources including the OECD, World Health Organization, and World Bank. The findings indicate that among three social welfare expendi...

Sweden is often perceived as an exceptional welfare state and among the most advanced nations in terms of service delivery quality production organization. The Swedish we...

Service user involvement’ is a widespread and well-known phenomenon within welfare policy and practice in Western countries and is usually perceived as a way of improving welfare services to better aid service users in managing their predicaments. However, the presented ethnographical study of service user involvement within a Swedish psychiatry organization shows that user involvement initiati...

This paper investigates strategic alliances in the nonprofit sector in the form of franchising. Using a dynamic model of local public goods with endogenous affiliation and splitting, we show that local organizations may choose to affiliate with the national organization for faster capital accumulation. Temporary alliance occurs when a local organization strategically affiliates with the nationa...