By using a CMOS compatible process technology, a MEMS variable optical attenuator (VOA) is characterized in terms of actuation mechanisms. A dual-fiber collimator is aligned perpendicularly to the micromirror in a three-dimensional (3D) free space configuration, where the micromirror is mechanically connected with an electromagnetic actuator and two sets of electrothermal actuators. Three types...

Nowadays, pesticides and microplastics (MPs) are commonly found in coastal waters worldwide. Due to their widespread use, persistence toxicity, they may induce adverse effects on physiology behaviour of marine organisms such as the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). This study explored growth valve activity juvenile oysters exposed for 24 days two frequently detected pollutants Pertuis Charent...

Em uma manhã fresca e ensolarada de um dia qualquer, o professor ciências da natureza, apesar já cansado com as suas trinta-e-tantas aulas semanais, coloca-se atento ao mundo que cerca em seu espaço trabalho-vida constitui ecossistema-aula multiespécie: coexistem (jovens) humanos, aves, plantas, cachorros, insetos, cadernos, lápis, canetas, aviões papel, gritos, perguntas, cansaços, sonhos, des...

Electrothermal actuation provides the long displacement required by an increasing number of MEMS applications. However, its high power consumption is a limiting factor, especially for applications in which multiple actuators are required. An iris type variable optical attenuator (VOA), which was recently introduced by our group, is an example of such an application. In this paper we introduce a...

AIMS To determine whether circulation of dairy wastewater induces the growth of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria (PSB). METHODS AND RESULTS Two dairy wastewater lagoons that were similar in size, geographic location, number and type of cattle loading the lagoons were chosen. The only obvious visual difference between them was that one was stagnant and the water was brown in colour (Farm 1)...

The structure of 3C-algebra and 5A-algebra constructed by Lam-Yamada-Yamauchi is studied the uniqueness vertex operator algebra these two algebras established. We also give fusion rules for algebras.