PURPOSE To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival swabs. METHODS Oligonucleotide primers for detection of the 3 agents were combined in one reaction and evaluated for optimal performance using control DNAs of adenovirus type 2, herpes simplex virus, and C. trachomatis plasmid. The mul...

This report describes the first Brazilian equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) isolation from a single fatal equine herpes myeloencephalopathy case in a mare. The isolation of EHV-1 was confirmed from the first passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample in Vero cells by PCR and virus neutralization assay. As virus isolation from CSF is unlikely to be successful, as has been shown in several case ...

We developed a useful method for the detection of rubella virus genome RNA by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and compared the sensitivity of RT-LAMP with that of other virological tests: reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and virus isolation. The rubella virus genome was amplified by RT-LAMP from clinical isolates obtained between 1987 and 2004 with simil...

Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated vaccine vector that has an excellent vaccine safety record. Also, as a eukaryotic gene expression vector, MVA can be used in a biosafety level 1 setup, in contrast to more virulent vaccinia virus strains. Isolation of recombinant MVA involves repeated plaquing of the virus and is burdensome because virus plaques are slow to develop and diffi...

The first isolations of B virus were made by Sabin and Wright (1), and independently by Gay and Holden (2), from the central nervous system of an investigator who developed a spreading, fatal infection with ascending myelitis after a bite on the hand from an apparently normal rhesus monkey. Gay and Holden called the agent W virus and thought it to be a highly neurotropic strain of herpes simple...

Factors involved in the development of a human oncornavirus vaccine are discussed. The isolation and purification of subviral gp69/71 antigenic components enhance the feasibility of developing safe vaccine. The recent isolation of a C-type virus (the HL-23) from a human leukemic patient and its similarity to the simian sarcoma virus presents us with a unique opportunity to test the safety and p...

COVID-19 is a highly contagious virus that first appeared in China December 2019. It has affected over 157 million people and killed 3.2 million. The paper reviews the function of immune system for prevention, depression, anxiety due to their effects on relationship aging with depression anxiety. been found several elderly lack coping mechanisms required deal stress caused by COVID-19. Hence, i...

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a causative agent of encephalitis in humans in the Western hemisphere. SLEV is a positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus, which includes West Nile encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus and other medically important viruses. Recently, we isolated a SLEV strain from the brain of a horse with neurological signs in...

Influenza virus infections are responsible for more than 250,000 deaths annually. Influenza virus isolation, propagation, and characterization protocols are critical for completing reproducible basic research studies and for generating vaccine seed stocks. Detailed protocols for the isolation and identification of influenza virus have been recently reported (Eisfeld et al., 2014). However, ther...

Primary bovine thyroid cell cultures and IB-RS-2 continuous cell line were used for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolation. In both cell culture systems, all tested samples gave positive results and the specificity of isolated virus was confirmed by the Ag-ELISA. Results of virus isolation test agreed with those obtained by RT-PCR and rRT-PCR, which enabled detection of the genetic mater...