The quantal nature of synaptic transmission requires a mechanism to transport neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles without promoting non-vesicular efflux across the plasma membrane. Indeed, the vesicular transport of most classical transmitters involves a mechanism of H(+) exchange, which restricts flux to acidic membranes such as synaptic vesicles. However, vesicular transport of the princi...

SLC10A4 (Solute carrier family 10 member 4) is a member of the sodium/bile acid cotransporter protein family. Previous studies indicated that this protein is a molecular link between two subpopulations of neurons i.e the monoaminergic and cholinergic. These neural subpopulations are widespread in the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in most processes of our behaviour related to mot...

The vast majority of illicit stimulants act at monoaminergic systems, causing both psychostimulant and adverse effects. Stimulants can interact as substrates or antagonists the nerve terminal monoamine transporter that mediates reuptake monoamines across synaptic membrane vesicular (VMAT‐2) storage in vesicles. directly presynaptic postsynaptic receptors for have indirect monoamine‐mimetic acti...

Commentary on Ge, P.; Tsao, J.; Schein, S.; Green, T.J.; Luo, M.; Zhou, Z.H. Cryo-EM model of the bullet-shaped vesicular stomatitis virus. Science2010, 327, 689-693.

Acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, and histamine are classical neurotransmitters. These small molecules also play important roles in the endocrine and immune/inflammatory systems. Serotonin secreted from enterochromaffin cells of the gut epithelium regulates gut motility; histamine secreted from basophils and mast cells is a major regulator of vascular permeability and skin inflammatory ...

Virus mutants isolated from persistent infections of vesicular stomatitis virus in BHK-21 cells were much less susceptible to interference mediated by the defective interfering particle used to establish the persistent infection. This mutational change occurred as early as 34 days in the persistent infection and continued for over 5 years. The earliest variants showed no oligonucleotide map cha...

objective: infectious microorganisms are major sources of illness and death worldwide, and the leading cause of death in neonates. effective vaccination of this age group is of particular importance. the lack of a response and greater susceptibility to tolerance are two major features that limit the effectiveness of vaccines in neonates. in this study we compare the cellular immune response gen...

Methylation-protection studies with nucleocapsids from vesicular stomatitis virus indicate that the viral polymerase (L and NS proteins) contacts the genomic RNA template in the middle of the leader gene, 16-30 nucleotides from the 3' terminus. The data suggest that the NS protein binds to the sequence (formula, see text) and may function as an initiator protein for transcription.