Spine or vertebrae holds the crucial role in neurological manifestation and axial balance. The same also represents the determining characteristic feature of vertebrata. Physiologically spine consist major functional attribute related to peripheral nervous system. It has been shown that, manipulation of spinal cord architecture either by accidental event or genetic reason is associated with var...

The Camelidae, advanced artiodactyls of arid habitats, have unique erythrocytes among mammals. Mammals have advanced erythrocyte features surpassing those of other Vertebrata. Mammalia attained their biconcave disk form from ontogenetic phases recapitulating those in lower vertebrates, beginning with spheroid erythroblast precursors becoming ellipsoid, containing ellipsoid nuclei, mitochondria ...

The causal basis of vertebrate complexity has been sought in genome duplication events (GDEs) that occurred during the emergence of vertebrates, but evidence beyond coincidence is wanting. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been identified as a viable causal factor in increasing organismal complexity through the action of these approximately 22-nt noncoding RNAs in regulating gene expression. Bec...