The developing understanding of the morphology of the cervical spine has revealed the complexity of the system. A review of selected literature reported that a number of the joints have an unusual nature and exhibit complicated and even paradoxical motions. For the practicing therapist, the significance of these observations is that assessment and treatment procedures of the cervical spine must...

Modular theory predicts that hierarchical developmental processes generate hierarchical phenotypic units that are capable of independent modification. The vertebral column is an overtly modular structure, and its rapid phenotypic transformation in cetacean evolution provides a case study for modularity. Terrestrial mammals have five morphologically discrete vertebral series that are now known t...

STUDY DESIGN Anterior and posterior vertebral body heights were measured from sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients and healthy controls. OBJECTIVE To measure changes in vertebral body height over time during scoliosis progression to assess how vertebral body height discrepancies change during growth. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA R...

OBJECTIVE Vertebral column resection (VCR) is a surgical technique that may be applied for correction of moderate to severe spinal deformities, including those with large rigid curves, fixed trunk translation, or asymmetry between the length of the convex and concave column of the deformity. This article reviews the VCR technique as it relates to correction of rigid spinal deformity, including ...

Sepoy No. 1584, 2nd (Q. O.) Rajput L. I., reported sick on October 20th, 1908. He had a swelling on the nape of his neck, which he said he had noticed for the first time about three weeks previously; it was then much smaller. When seen by me, it was about the size of an orange, in the middle line of the back of the neck, symmetrica), tense, not painful, very slightly tender. The skin was freel}...

The vertebral column is a complicated anatomical structure which is composed of the intervertebral discs and the vertebrae. Both components develop special degenerative changes and morphologic features during life. This paper first reviews the anatomical fundamentals and then describes the morphological features of the aging intervertebral disc and the subsequent osseous changes of the vertebra...

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis is defined as a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue microarchitecture. Teriparatide stimulates the formation and action of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation, thus promoting bone tissue increase. The aim was to assess the effectiveness and safety of teriparatide for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis...

metastatic survey of the patients with known primary malignancies with bone scan is one of the most common studies in nuclear medicine. unfortunately the conventional planar bone scan has a very low specificity for differentiating benign from malignant lesions especially in the spinal column. in this study, we compared the specificity of spect imaging and conventional planar bone scan. we studi...