The multiple-divide technique, using the multiratio frequency divider, has a possibility to improve FoM of VCO. This paper proposes a design optimization of LC-VCO using the multiple-divide technique. In the simulated results using 90-nm CMOS model parameters, the optimum frequency range, achieving better than −187.0 dBc/Hz of FoM, can be extended from 6.5∼12.5 GHz to 1.5∼12.5 GHz. The proposed...

This paper describes the design of a programmable FSK-modulator based on VCO and its implementation in 0.35m CMOS process. The circuit is used to transmit digital data at 100Kbps rate in the frequency range of 400-600MHz. The design and operation of the modulator is discussed briefly. Further the characteristics of PLL, frequency synthesizer, VCO and the whole design are elaborated. The variati...

In this work, a new ring voltage controlled oscillator with a two cross coupled load PMOS transistors is proposed. The proposed method preserves the maximum frequency of the VCO unaffected which leads to improvement in phase noise and the power consumption of VCO oscillators. The proposed ring oscillator implemented in 0.18μm CMOS shows the worse phase noise of -108 dBc/Hz at 10MHz offset, tuni...

A smart meter is resource-constrained device, therefore lightweight cryptographic methods are required. Physical unclonable function(PUF) is promising hardware based lightweight security solution, which makes use of the inherent process variation in semiconductor fabrication process to generate unique ID. This paper presents an PUF based smart meter security with frequency synthesizer(Sx) chain...

OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a topical application of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on excision wounds in young rats. METHODS Three sets of experiments with 3 groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats each consisting of 6 animals were used for studying wound closure time, antioxidant status and biochemical parameters. Group 1 was the control; groups 2 and 3 were...

Introduction: Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) have drawn a lot of attention from data converter community recently [1–5]. A VCO acts as an integrator in phase domain and can form a basic building block in time-domain analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), similar to operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) in traditional voltage-domain ADCs. Due to the highly digital nature of VCOs, th...

MOS varactors are used extensively as tunable elements in the tank circuits of RF voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) based on submicrometer CMOS technologies. MOS varactor topologies include conventional D=S=B connected, inversion-mode (I-MOS), and accumulation-mode (A-MOS) structures. When incorporated into the VCO tank circuit, the large-signal swing of the VCO output oscillation modulates...

Introduction. This is an open-label pilot study on four weeks of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to investigate its efficacy in weight reduction and its safety of use in 20 obese but healthy Malay volunteers. Methodology. Efficacy was assessed by measuring weight and associated anthropometric parameters and lipid profile one week before and one week after VCO intake. Safety was assessed by comparing o...

A K-Band Push-Push VCO MMIC which has small size, high output power and low phase noise is presented. This push-push VCO utilize the embedded frequency doubling mechanism of cross coupled topology. A commercial InGaP/GaAs HBT technology with the f T of 60 GHz and the fMAX of 110 GHz was used for the implementation. The oscillation frequency is from 21.02 GHz to 21.17 GHz. The peak output power ...

Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) varactors utilized in a VCO demonstrate unique tuning characteristics compared to junction varactors. A 2.7 GHz microstrip line VCO operates in a tracking phaselock loop configured as an X4 frequency multiplier. BST oscillator tuning and the effect on loop dynamics is observed by the intentional design of an under damped system. Oscillator noise correction and pe...