Ecosystem functioning depends on nutrient cycles and their responses to abiotic and biotic determinants, with the influence of evolutionary legacies being generally overlooked in ecosystem ecology. Along a broad elevation gradient characterized by shifting climatic and grazing environments, we addressed clines of plant N and C∶N content and of δ(13)C and δ(15)N in producers (herbs) and in prima...

We develop a model for two-sided markets with consumers and producers, who interact through a platform. Typical settings for the model are the market for smartphones with phone users, app producers, and smartphone operating systems; or the video game market with game players, video game producers, and video game consoles. Only consumers who purchase the platform can access content from the prod...

Wheat is one of the most strategic agricultural products, which has always been a significant issue for the government. The main purpose of this study is to review the policy of purchasing wheat on the welfare of producers and customers in Iran. Due to the significance of wheat in consuming model of Iranian families, this product has been permanently under consideration. The government grants a...

This paper presents an overview of current and upcoming trade related regulations of genetically modified (GM) food, and analyzes their effects on trade, consumers, and producers. Using a three country analytical model of welfare and political interests, the study assesses the economic effects and motivation behind the adoption of import approval regulations, information requirements for GM com...

evaluation of agricultural policies is an important issue in agricultural economics literature. economists evaluate policies on base of their welfare effects. the objective of this study is outcome subsidies removing for wheat and bread and its effect on producers and consumers. the minimization of changes in welfare loss is used in this study. the results of the welfare outcomes in wheat marke...

JEL classification codes: C51 Model construction and estimation C62 Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium D84 Expectations Speculations This paper proposes the Potluck Problem as a model for the behavior of independent producers and consumers under standardeconomicassumptions, as a problemof resourceallocation inamulti-agent system inwhich there is no explicit communication among th...