INTRODUCTION Multi stage distillation processes are normally operated in columns, equipped with trays or packing to obtain counter current flow of vapour and liquid. In tray columns the liquid is moving from the inlet over the active area to the exit downcomer. The necessary mass transfer area between the phases is achieved by intense mixing of vapour and liquid on the bubbling area. In packed ...

Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS) has been used to investigate the vapour pressure over the molten LiF-ThF4 salt and determine the thermodynamic activity of LiF and ThF4 in the liquid solution. As part of the study, the vaporization of pure LiF and pure ThF4 was examined and the results were compared with the literature values finding a good agreement. Next, the vapour pressure of the L...

Due to a large vertical gradient and strong variability of water vapour, algorithms that are effectively applied for ground-based remote sensing of many different atmospheric trace gases can be insufficient for the retrieval of tropospheric water vapour profiles. We review the most important features of the retrieval and of the radiative transfer modelling required for accurate monitoring of tr...

Carbon nanotubes are generally produced by three main techniques, arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition. Though scientists are researching more economic ways to produce these structures. In arc discharge, a vapour is created by an arc discharge between two carbon electrodes with or without catalyst. Nanotubes self-assemble from the resulting carbon vapour. In the laser ab...

BACKGROUND Use of essential oils for controlling Candida albicans growth has gained significance due to the resistance acquired by pathogens towards a number of widely-used drugs. The aim of this study was to test the antifungal activity of selected essential oils against Candida albicans in liquid and vapour phase and to determine the chemical composition and mechanism of action of most potent...

Essential Oils (EO) produced by medicinal plants have been traditionally used for respiratory tract infections and are used nowadays as ethical medicines for colds. Although several studies of Eucalyptus Globulus Labill. Essential Oil (EGEO) have been reported, there are no reports describing vapour activity of EGEO against bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. The aim of this study was to tes...

We present new experimental data of the low-temperature metastable region of liquid water derived from high-density synthetic fluid inclusions (996-916 kg m-3) in quartz. Microthermometric measurements include: (i) prograde (upon heating) and retrograde (upon cooling) liquid-vapour homogenisation. We used single ultrashort laser pulses to stimulate vapour bubble nucleation in initially monophas...

Piotrowski, J. K. (1971). Brit. J. industr. Med., 28, 172-178. Evaluation of exposure to phenol: absorption of phenol vapour in the lungs and through the skin and excretion of phenol in urine. Volunteers were exposed to phenol vapour (5 to 25 mg/r3) by inhalation and through the skin, respectively, and the excretion of phenol in urine was examined. The retention of vapour in the lungs decreased...

THE ~-'v~OST COM~ON too1 in medical research is the glass syringe. It is often employed for the sampling of various gases, vapours, and their mixtures, During our experiments regarding reproducibility of anaesthetic vapour-gas mixtures, we found that the results depended considerably upon the time the mixture remained in the syringe before analysis. After considering and eliminating other possi...

Operational multi-channel algorithms for deriving sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite data are derived using theoretical models of infrared radiation transfer through the atmosphere or by regression of satellite data with ground-based observations. In both cases the algorithm derivation implies a “first-guess” of the water vapour content along the atmospheric path between the satellite...