Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease with high incidence and recurrence rate, characterized by formation of solid deposits in the urinary tract. The most common type these stones are calcium oxalate stones. Calcium crystals can, hyperoxaluric states, interact renal epithelial cells, causing injury to epithelia. Pathogenesis urolithiasis widely investigated, but underlying mechanisms still n...

The composition of urinary tract calculi in children in relation to their age has been examined and comparisons have been made with other published series. It is concluded that paediatric stone disease can be divided into two main types: (1) infection stones, composed largely of magnesium ammonium phosphate and occurring mainly in children under 5 years of age, (2) calcium stones, occurring mai...

The last 3 decades have witnessed great improvements in the technology and clinical applications of many minimally invasive procedures in the urological field. Flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) has advanced considerably to become a widely utilized diagnostic and therapeutic tool for multiple upper urinary tract pathologies. The most common indication for fURS is the treatment of upper urinary tract ...

Hematuria is a very common clinical condition that most clinicians will encounter. divided into gross and microscopic hematuria with wide variety of etiologies. The imaging evaluation asymptomatic generally tailored to identifying cause (urinary tract stones) the worrisome (carcinoma). workup for agreed upon includes both CT cystoscopy. However, controversial due much lower risk urinary maligna...

An 83-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia and several comorbid conditions presented with irremovable urethral Foley catheter. Plain abdominal X-ray revealed a bladder full of stones. The patient had bilateral hydronephrosis and elevated serum Creatinine level. Open vesicolithotomy was done and more than 720 stones in various shapes and sizes was removed. After removal of stone, Creat...

The results of clinical use of an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (Biolithos MARK III) are presented. From May 1991 through February 1992, a total of 50 sessions were carried out on 33 patients with upper urinary tract stones. Treatments were performed on an outpatient basis, and none of the patients needed anesthesia or analgesia. One month after the last session, 18 patients (54.5%) we...

Seventy percent of ureteral stones are located at distal ureter. Effective and safe passage of distal ureter stones is mediated by observation or medical expulsive treatment. Most of stones located at distal ureter pass spontaneously under observation; however, some are complicated with urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis, and renal function disturbances. Spontaneous perforation of the uppe...

The surgical management of pediatric upper urinary tract calculi has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive techniques. With advancement in instrumentation, endourological procedures are being performed more commonly in children. However, the endourological management of renal and ureteral stones in the pediatric population is considered challenging, owing to the smaller size of the ur...