Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been a current trend in the research field and has many issues when there are multiple mobile sinks. Data dissemination gets critical as their locations have to be repeatedly updated and results in huge consumption of the restricted battery supply in sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose GCCP – NS, a grid based congestion control protocol with N -sinks tha...

In large-scale wireless sensor networks, in order to support group mobility of mobile sinks, this letter proposes a novel strategy for energy-efficient and robust data dissemination to the sinks based on cluster-based communication. The novel strategy is composed of two major mechanisms for reduction of structure construction overhead and routing state maintenance overhead: 1) a virtual infrast...

Urban landscapes contain a mix of land-use types with different patterns of nitrogen (N) cycling and export. We measured nitrate (NO(3)(-)) leaching and soil:atmosphere nitrous oxide (N(2)O) flux in four urban grassland and eight forested long-term study plots in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. We evaluated ancillary controls on these fluxes by measuring soil temperature, moisture, a...

Brent D. Ryan first visited Detroit in 1993. Describing this experience, he says: ‘‘The sense of emptiness was overpowering. ... I felt as if I was walking into the ruin of America.’’ In his book ‘‘Design after decline—how America rebuilds shrinking cities,’’ Ryan tries to understand why so many American cities have been losing population, what was and is done to change the fortune of these cit...

High-frequency measurements of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were made at an urban site in the United Kingdom (UK) from mid-December, 2008 until early March, 2009. Very few measurements of H2 exist in the urban environment, particularly within the UK, but are an essential component in the assessment of anthropogenic emissions of H2 and to a certain extent CO. Thes...

Disseminating data from sources to sinks is a very important application in sensor networks. This paper presents a new data dissemination scheme which uses the concept of the Fermat Point to construct a dissemination tree from one source (the root) to multiple sinks (the leaves). By sending data along the dissemination tree, the new scheme can conserve transmission energy, avoid collision and a...

Heat sinks are widely adopted in electronics cooling together with different technologies to enhance the cooling process. For the small electronics application, the small scale pin fins heat sinks are extensively used to dissipate heat in electronics devices. Due to the limit of space in the small devices, it is impossible to increase heat transfer area. In order to improve the heat transfer pe...

Enhancing sensor network lifetime is an important research topic for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we introduce a solution for prolonging the lifetime of sensor networks that is based on a deployment strategy . In our proposal, data traffic is directed away from the network center toward the network peripheral where sinks would be initially deployed. Sinks stay stationary while colle...

In order to fulfill the objectives of environmental protection, today's focus on quantitative recycling rates must be amended by a more qualitative approach. Because modern products represent a mix of numerous and sometimes hazardous substances, ways must be explored to remove detrimental substances during recycling and to establish "clean cycles". On the one hand, such a "clean cycle" strategy...

Sensor networks are constituted by cheap devices with limited energy supply. Therefore, it is crucial to design algorithms that optimize the energy usage of these devices and thus prolong the lifetime of the network. In this paper we present a novel method to deploy multiple sinks optimally in a sensor network, based on an electrostatic model. We assign positive or negative charges to sensor no...