Development of urbanization and rise of cities and urbanism during the last decade have added new dimensions to urban issues and have led to increasing importance of monitoring, conduction of urban development and organization of towns and their surrounding regions. In the meantime, the procedures of favorable life management play the most important role in improvement of human habitats and sus...

OBJECTIVE In previous studies, we have shown a three to four times higher urban incidence of breast cancer and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers in the Gharbiah Province of Egypt. We investigated the urban-rural incidence differences of gynaecologic malignancies (uterine, ovarian and cervical cancers) to explore if they show the same trend that we found for breast cancer. DESIGN Cance...

INTRODUCTION Foods and beverages marketed in schools are typically of poor nutritional value. School districts may adopt policies and practices to restrict marketing of unhealthful foods and to promote healthful choices. Students' exposure to marketing practices differ by school demographics, but these differences have not yet been examined by district characteristics. METHODS We analyzed dat...

Using data available for 1972 and 1982, the geographic spread o f dentists in the RSA, and dentist to pohdation ratios were studied. In general the numbers o f dentists per magisterial district have increased but only 5 per cent o f dentists are in rural districts (population <10 000). Dentist to population ratios decreased irregularly over the 10 year period, more in urban than in rural distri...

Teacher retention is an important goal for urban school districts. In an effort to improve teacher retention, one popular strategy is to raise teacher salaries, often in targeted areas. However, there is little evidence on whether salary increases can improve retention in urban schools and districts Moreover, there is even less evidence on whether such salary incentives can be effective in reta...

BACKGROUND Asthma is a common chronic disease of childhood that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of asthma among secondary school pupils in urban and rural areas of coast districts of Tanzania. The study also aimed to describe pupils' perception towards asthma, and to assess their knowledge on symptoms, triggers, and treatment of asthma...

The EU has set the policy target of reducing energy use by 20% by the year 2020. Therefore, a substantial consumption decrease is needed in built environment sector. Despite the great energy efficiency improvements in households, recent energy consumption data analyses show that these targets will unlikely be reached. The general aim of this study is to point out the need to define new indicato...

High ability individuals can be constrained from commensurate employment opportunities due to their geographic location. In the face of physical, informational and social barriers to migration, firms with nation-wide hiring practices can benefit from facilitating the migration of high ability individuals from low employment districts to regions with better employment opportunities. We exploit a...