The transition during the Permian–Triassic interval from brachiopod-rich benthic marine assemblages to communities with diverse molluscs has been well constrained by measures of global taxonomic richness but its ecological context has not been studied using quantitative relative abundance data. New relative abundance data from Early, Middle, and Late Permian silicified fossil assemblages from o...

Early Triassic animal body fossils and trace fossils are small relative to those in older and younger intervals. Size decreases sharply through the end-Permian extinction event and Permian/Triassic boundary, and the smallest sizes are encountered in the parvus and isarcica Zones of the earliest Induan. Animals appearing within these two zones are also exceedingly small, compared to younger cong...

The origin of the limbless caecilians remains a lasting question in vertebrate evolution. Molecular phylogenies and morphology support that caecilians are the sister taxon of batrachians (frogs and salamanders), from which they diverged no later than the early Permian. Although recent efforts have discovered new, early members of the batrachian lineage, the record of pre-Cretaceous caecilians i...

In situ occurrences of the calcareous marine phylloid alga Calcipatera cottonwoodensis in the Permian Cottonwood Limestone Member (Beattie Limestone) occur in Greenwood County, Kansas, in association with platy algal packstones, which are the phylloid algal facies most commonly described in the literature. The in situ algal facies occurs in the upper 0.45 m of an exposure where it is overlain a...

A new ichnogenus and ichnospecies of burrow, Katbergia carltonichnus, are described from Upper Permian and Lower Triassic rocks of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, where they are preserved in pedogenically modified overbank deposits that are interpreted as inceptisols subsequently gleysol overprinted. Sigmoidal burrows consist of a long (‡0.5 m) cylindrical tube, ranging from 1–2 cm in diameter, ...

Abiotic and biological factors have been hypothesized as controlling maximum body size of tetrapods and other animals through geological time. We analyse the effects of three abiotic factors--oxygen, temperature and land area--on maximum size of Permian-Jurassic archosauromorphs and therapsids, and Cenozoic mammals, using time series generalized least-squares regression models. We also examine ...

The aim of this study is to determine the stratigraphic position bauxite deposits in Ayrancı region, where most important mineralization Bolkardağı region located. In context, age will be determined by determining erosion surface associated with features during formation and according its side rocks. there are Permian-Cretaceous aged rocks belonging Union, one main tectonic units forming Centra...