Most process research relies heavily on the use of terms and concepts whose validity depends on a variety of assumptions to be met. As it is difficult to guarantee that they are met, such work continually runs the risk of being invalid. We propose a different and complementary approach to understanding process: Perform all description bottom-up and based on hard data alone. We call the approach...

In South Africa, up to 70% of children of school-going age with disabilities are out of school. Of those who do attend, most are still in separate, “special” schools for learners with disabilities. This situation prevails despite the push for the educational inclusion of learners with disabilities over twelve years ago by the South African policy document, the Education White Paper 6. In this a...

A common trend for manufacturing systems is an increasing flexibility. More and more bottom-up aspects are coming into the engineering processes.

We review how top mixing with light quarks constrains new physics beyond the Standard Model using the effective Lagrangian approach

Regular tree grammars can be used to generate graphs, by generating expressions that denote graphs. Top-down and bottom-up tree transducers are a tool for proving properties of such graph generating tree grammars.

Advancement in the field of nanotechnology and its applications to the field of medicines and pharmaceuticals has revolutionized the twentieth century. Nanotechnology [1] is the study of extremely small structures. The prefix “nano” is a Greek word which means “dwarf ”. The word “nano” means very small or miniature size. Nanotechnology is the treatment of individual atoms, molecules, or compoun...

Space Transitions: behind on the edge of beside in front of west of high over toward around facing east of against under throughout near in back of north of alongside below to the right of side by side in the center south of ahead of beneath to the left of close to inside at the here low down on top of next to outside in there on the bottom at the top down at the end of on beyond on the corner ...

Unfortunately, the class of transformations computed by linear extended top-down tree transducers with regular look-ahead is not closed under composition. It is shown that the class of transformations computed by certain linear bimorphisms coincides with the previously mentioned class. Moreover, it is demonstrated that every linear epsilon-free extended top-down tree transducer with regular loo...

This paper presents an algorithm designed to segment and classify newspaper documents. A notable feature of this algorithm is the ability to detect lines in the document – including lines that are connected to other components. A bottom-up approach is used to segment the image into patterns, and then each pattern is classified into one of seven types. Complete regions are then formed from the c...