In this paper we test the HRM/union substitution hypothesis that human resource management (HRM) practices act as a substitute for unionization. We use British workplace data between 1980 and 1998 which allows us to examine for the first time whether increased HRM incidence has coincided with union decline. First, we compare changes over time in the incidence of HRM practices across union and n...

BACKGROUND Tibial fractures have been associated with the highest rates of bone union disturbances for many years. Stabilization of the tibial shaft with a reamed intramedullary nail is now being increasingly recommended as a treatment of choice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of treatment of tibial shaft non-union with reamed intramedullary nails locked distally and proxima...

Does leaving a currency union reduce international trade? We answer this question using a large annual panel data set covering 217 countries from 1948 through 1997. During this sample a large number of countries left currency unions; they experienced economically and statistically significant declines in bilateral trade, after accounting for other factors. Assuming symmetry, we estimate that a ...

This paper presents an analysis of a simple tree-structured disjoint set Union-Find algorithm, and shows that this algorithm requires between n and 2n steps on the average to execute a sequence of n Union and Find instructions, assuming that each pair of existing classes is equally likely to be merged by a Union instruction. Union-Find algorithms are useful in the solution to a number of proble...

We analyze the setting of monetary and nonmonetary policies in monetary unions. We show that in these unions a time inconsistency problem in monetary policy leads to a novel type of free-rider problem in the setting of nonmonetary policies, such as labor market policy, fiscal policy, and bank regulation. The free-rider problem leads the union’s members to pursue lax nonmonetary policies that in...

  Abstract   The leg is a complex district with functions of weightbearing support, stability,   and motility. The management of extensive and complex defects is more challenging   and often results in leg amputation or shortening. Leg amputation is a severe   mutilation that alters the patient’s work and social life by limiting ambulation and   self-sufficiency. During a 3 years period we trea...

PURPOSE To evaluate the postoperative knee function and results of unreamed retrograde nailing for distal third femoral shaft fractures. METHODS Between January 2002 and 2003 inclusive, a consecutive series of 27 patients (with 28 fractures) who underwent retrograde nailing were prospectively evaluated. Outcome measures were union time, initiation of weight bearing, deformity and shortening, ...

introduction: intramedullary nailing (imn) of high tibia fracture has some mechanical and biological advantages over the other form of fixation. however, valgus, apex anterior malalignment and anterior displacement of proximal fragment commonly occur after isolated imn fixation of proximal high tibia fracture. the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using 3.5-mm locking c...