although russian studies existed in world academies in preceding centuries in different styles, it was only in the second half of the 20th century that major academic centers in europe and the united states paid serious attention to understanding the soviet :union: and its current developments by attracting some emigrant soviet authors and scientists. for these academic centers, recognizing the...

Analyses of union leadership roles show that union presidents should have both a within-union focus and an external focus. The authors combined multi-level survey data from 3,871 union members in 248 local teachers' unions with archival and field staff data to examine relationships between leadership and members' perceptions of union instrumentality and justice, union commitment, and participat...

The main cause of decreased mouth opening in patients suffered from trauma is bony or fibrous ankylosis of temporomandibular joint, but other causes such as fibrous or bony union of zygoma and / or maxilla to the coronoid process of the mandible must be considered in preoperative management of such cases. Bony union of the mandible to the maxilla and zygoma is rare. In this report, one case,...

We develop a theoretical model of endogenously determined union density and union membership. A union is formed, continued, or dissolved by majority voting. Given the profitability, production technology, and labor and product market conditions, the union determines the reservation wage that is acceptable to the firm. Based on this reservation wage and other subjective factors, workers vote for...

Years of EU fishing catch restrictions have failed to stem the decline of many once abundant species in the northeast Atlantic and fishermen and conservationists are pressing for change.