Diabatic heating is diagnosed from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) circulation as a residue in the thermodynamic equation. The heating distribution is compared with the heating structure diagnosed from NCEP and 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15) circulation and latent heating generated from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations using the convective–stratiform heating (CSH) ...

A survey of the spatial and temporal behavior of the atmospheric general circulation as it relates to both polar regions is presented. The review is based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), updated using ECMWF operational analyses. The analysis spans 1960–2005 in the Northern Hemisphere, but is restricted to 1979–2005 in the Southern H...

This paper explores the capability of the mixed-layer model (MLM) to represent the observed relationship between low-cloud fraction and lower-tropospheric stability; it also investigates the influence of large-scale meteorological fields and their variabilities on this relationship. The MLM’s local equilibrium solutions are examined subject to realistic boundary forcings that are derived from r...

To what extent have weather fluctuations in Africa affected infant mortality over the last fifty years? We investigate this question by combining individual level data, obtained from retrospective fertility surveys (DHS) for more than a million births in 28 African countries, with data for weather outcomes, obtained from re-analysis with climate models (ERA-40). The focus is on two mechanisms: ...

The extended-range forecast skill of the ECMWF operational forecast model is evaluated during tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) events in the IndoWest Pacific warm pool. The experiment consists of ensemble extended serial forecasts including winter and summer ISO cases. The forecasts are compared with the ERA-40 analyses. The analysis focuses on understanding the origin of forecast error...

The two known estrogen receptors, ERa and ERb, mediate the effects of estrogen in all target tissues, including blood vessels. We have shown previously that estrogen inhibits vascular injury response to the same extent in female wild-type (WT), ERa knockout (ERaKOCH), and ERb knockout (ERbKOCH) mice. We generated mice harboring disruptions of both ERa and ERb genes (ERa,bKOCH) by breeding and s...

The early C. elegans embryo is an attractive model system to investigate fundamental developmental processes. With the exception of mex-3 mRNA, maternally contributed mRNAs are thought to be distributed uniformly in the one-cell embryo. Here, we report and characterize the striking distribution of the mRNA encoding the novel protein ERA-1. We found that era-1 mRNA is enriched in the anterior of...

The effect of graded doses of erythorbic acid (ErA) on the content of ascorbic acid (AsA) in the tissues of guinea pigs administered AsA was studied. The guinea pigs were administered 5 mg AsA and 1, 5, 20, and 100 mg ErA; or 1 mg AsA and 1 and 20 mg ErA; or 20 mg AsA and 20 mg ErA for 16 days. The animals were then sacrificed, and the liver, adrenal glands, spleen, and kidneys were removed to ...

• This study aims to analyze the methodologies that can be used to estimate the total number of unemployed, as well as the unemployment rates for 28 regions of Portugal, designated as NUTS III regions, using model based approaches as compared to the direct estimation methods currently employed by INE (National Statistical Institute of Portugal). Model based methods, often known as small area es...