When a patient requesting rhinoplasty also complains of nasal obstruction, it is critical to accurately diagnose the cause. The author reviews diagnostic procedures, including anterior rhinoscopy, nasal endoscopy, and coronal-sinus computed tomography scan. He discusses technical aspects of septoplasty and turbinate surgery, which address common causes of nasal obstruction, emphasizing traditio...

Swine influenza virus was found to be regularly present in the turbinates, tracheal exudate and lungs of infected swine but not in the spleens, livers, kidneys, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon mucosae, brains or blood. It was present in low concentration in the bronchial lymph nodes of 2 out of 8 animals. This localization of the virus in swine accords with its classification as a pneumotropic vi...

Osteoma is the most common benign tumor of the paranasal sinuses. Turbinate osteomas are very rare and only four middle turbinate, one superior turbinate and one inferior turbinate osteoma cases have been reported. We present a rare case of osteoma of the left middle turbinate in a patient presented with unilateral nasal obstruction and epiphora that was removed endoscopically, and conduct a li...

There are 3 pairs of turbinates defined: superior, middle, and inferior. They located throughout the lateral walls nasal cavity. The embryological evolution turbinate is a complex process. During embriologic development turbinate, anatomic variations may appear at multiple points. very few publication about this topic. Bifid inferior rare abnormality that easily identified on paranasal tomograp...

This letter is a commentary on the article titled "Evaluation of variations in sinonasal region with computed tomography", published in the January 2016 issue of World Journal of Radiology. The authors definition of the secondary middle turbinate is incorrect. The authors stated that the secondary middle turbinate is an accessory turbinate that is seen between the superior and middle turbinates...