The aim of the present study was to assess the sensitivity, specificity and practicality of using a one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay during breast cancer staging surgery to predict and discriminate between at least 2 involved nodes and more than 2 involved nodes and facilitate the decision to provide axillary conservation in the presence of a low total axillary node tumour burde...

Subvisible cirrus (SVC) clouds are often observed within the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Some studies suggest that SVC has a significant impact on the earth radiation budget. The Costa Rica Aura Validation Experiment (CR-AVE) sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) took place near San Jose, Costa Rica from 14 January–15 February 2006. The NASA WB-57F sampled S...

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) multi-copy routing protocols are privileged to create and transmit multiple copies of each message that causes congestion and some messages are dropped. This process is known as reactive drop because messages were dropped re-actively to overcome buffer overflows. The existing reactive buffer management policies apply a single metric to drop source, relay and destine...

A MANET is a wireless network which operates by themselves without centralized administration. Each node in MANET operates as an end system and a router for all other nodes in the network. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route the traffic. Reactive routing protocols are favoured in MANET’s because t...

The processes that fix the fractionation of the stable isotopes of water in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are studied using cloud-resolving model simulations of an idealized equatorial Walker circulation with an imposed Brewer-Dobson circulation. This allows the explicit representation of the convective and microphysical processes at work in the TTL. In this model, the microphysical trans...

We propose and validate experimentally a Time-to-Live signaling system for an Optical Label Swapping scheme based on 10 Gbit/s DPSK packets and with 100 Mbit/s SCM label. The proposed scheme allows fast packet discarding by using a 3.5 GHz sub-carrier tone. DPSK payload has only a 2 dB power penalty at 10 –9 bit error-rate after superimposing the SCM and TTL labeling signal. Introduction Due th...

Abstract. Cirrus clouds that form in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can play a key role vertical transport through upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, which significantly impact radiative energy budget stratospheric chemistry. However, lack of realistic representation natural ice cloud habits microphysical parameterizations lead to uncertainties cloud-related processes cloud–climate ...

Abstract. The tropical tropopause layer (TTL; 14–18.5 km) is the gateway for most air entering stratosphere, and therefore processes within this have an outsized influence in determining global stratospheric ozone water vapor concentrations. Despite importance of there are few situ measurements with necessary detail to resolve fine-scale region. Here, we introduce a novel platform high-resoluti...

Airborne water vapor lidar profiles in the TTL C. Kiemle et al.

By using low-dimensional chaos maps, the power law relationship established between sample mean and variance called Taylor's Law (TL) is studied. In particular, we aim to clarify TL from spatial ensemble (STL) temporal (TTL). Since corresponds independent sampling a stationary distribution, confirm that STL explained by skewness of distribution. The difference TTL shown be originated in correla...