The dynamics of exocytosis are diverse and have been optimized for the functions of synapses and a wide variety of cell types. For example, the kinetics of exocytosis varies by more than five orders of magnitude between ultrafast exocytosis in synaptic vesicles and slow exocytosis in large dense-core vesicles. However, in all cases, exocytosis is mediated by the same fundamental mechanism, i.e....

The transport of proteins between various compartments of the secretory pathway occurs by the budding of vesicles from one membrane and their fusion with another. A key event in this process is the selective recognition of the target membrane by the vesicle and the current view is that SNARE protein interactions likely play a central role in vesicle-target recognition and or membrane fusion. In...

The interactions underlying the cooperativity of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes during neurotransmission are not known. Here, we provide a molecular characterization of a dimer formed between the cytoplasmic portions of neuronal SNARE complexes. Dimerization generates a two-winged structure in which the C termini of cytosolic SNARE comple...

Membrane vesicles delivered to the cell-division plane fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane during plant cytokinesis, starting in the cell center. In Arabidopsis, this requires SNARE complexes involving the cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE. However, cytokinesis still occurs in knolle mutant embryos, suggesting contributions from KNOLLE-independent SNARE complexes. Here we...

The interactions underlying the cooperativity of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes during neurotransmission are not known. Here, we provide a molecular characterization of a dimer formed between the cytoplasmic portions of neuronal SNARE complexes. Dimerization generates a two-winged structure in which the C-termini of cytosolic SNARE comple...

This study digs out some new algebraic properties of an Osborn loop that will help in the future to unveil the mystery behind the middle inner mappings T(x) of an Osborn loop. These new algebraic properties, will open our eyes more to the study of Osborn loops like CC-loops which has received a tremendious attention in this 21st and VD-loops whose study is yet to be explored. In this study, som...

We classify " nice " loop envelopes to Bruck loops of 2-power exponent under the assumption that every nonabelian simple section of G is either passive or isomorphic to PSL2(q), q − 1 ≥ 4 a 2-power. The hypothesis is verified in a separate paper. This paper is a continuation of the work by Aschbacher, Kinyon and Phillips on finite Bruck loops [AKP]. In [BS3] we will apply these results and get ...

The fusion of intracellular membranes is driven by the formation of a highly stable four-helix bundle of SNARE proteins embedded in the vesicle and target membranes. N-Ethylmaleimide sensitive factor recycles SNAREs after fusion by binding to the SNARE complex through an adaptor protein, αSNAP, and using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble the complex. Although only a single molecule of...

It is presently not clear how the function of SNARE proteins is affected by their transmembrane domains. Here, we analyzed the role of the transmembrane domain of the vacuolar SNARE Vam3 by replacing it by a lipid anchor. Vacuoles with mutant Vam3 fuse poorly and have increased amounts of cis-SNARE complexes, indicating that they are more stable. As a consequence efficient cis-SNARE complex dis...