The completely N1-selective Pd-catalyzed arylation of unsymmetric imidazoles with aryl halides and triflates is described. This study showed that imidazoles have a strong inhibitory effect on the in situ formation of catalytically-active Pd(0)-ligand complex. The efficacy of the N-arylation reaction was improved drastically by the use of pre-activated solution of Pd2(dba)3 and L1. From these fi...

This study uses industrial pollution data from the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and tract-level demographic data from the 2000 U.S. census to determine whether environmental racial inequality existed in the Detroit metropolitan area in the year 2000. This study differs from prior environmental inequality research in two important ways. First, it offers a posi...

[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to develop an education program for physical therapy assistants in order to provide high quality physical therapy for the province of Quang Tri in Vietnam. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects consisted of 9 professors in Quang Tri medical college and 1 physical therapist in Quang Tri General hospital. The survey research to lecturer for education of ph...

Synthetic and semisynthetic carbohydrates were used to probe sugar combining sites of animal lectins. For example, using derivatives of monosaccharides, it was determined that the 3-OH and 4-OH groups are absolutely essential and the 6-OH group was dispensable €or both mammalian and chicken hepatic lectins. When the glycosyl units are clustered into a dior tri-branched structure, the binding af...

This study describes a fast and accurate method for the sample preparation, identification, and quantitation of nitrilotriacetic (NTA) acid in environmental aqueous samples at a concentration of ppb level. The method is sensitive, specific, and free from the interferences of fatty and amino acids. The tri-n-propyl- and tri-n-butyl-NTA acid esters were prepared by the reaction of n-propyl-HCl an...

We have developed an organophosphane-catalyzed direct β-acylation of a series of conjugated systems bearing ketone, amide and ester functionalities using acyl chlorides as trapping reagents. A wide variety of highly functional ketone derivatives were generated efficiently under very mild conditions with high yields according to our protocol. Our adducts can even be utilized as important buildin...

An olefin cross-metathesis method applicable for the preparation of 4-(alk-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazoles was developed. The optimized conditions afforded a high-rate, selective, and high yielding reaction that comprise traditionally unreactive imidazole kernel as substrate. A variety backbone functionalized imidazoles were synthesized in good to yields by using this method.

The reaction of protected 4,5-diiodoimidazoles with (PhMe2CCH2)2CuLi regioselectively provides 5-cuprated imidazoles, which readily react with various electrophiles furnishing functionalized imidazoles in good yields; remarkably, these resulting mono-iodoimidazoles undergo again an iodine-copper exchange reaction in the presence of sensitive functional groups, like an aldehyde or a ketone.

Maridomycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, and tetrahydromaridomycin were acylated into their mono, di, and tri acyl derivatives. These derivatives were compared with the parent antibiotic, maridomycin, for their (i) in vitro antimicrobial activities, (ii) protective effect in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus (oral administration), (iii) blood levels attained in rats, and (iv) acute toxic...