The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to play a key role in the brain's response to methylphenidate (MPD). The present study focuses on neuronal recording from this structure. The study postulates that repetitive exposure to the same dose of MPD will elicit in some rats behavioral sensitization and in others tolerance. Furthermore, the study postulates that NAc neuronal activity recorded f...

BACKGROUND In previous studies, the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in diffuse traumatic brain injury has been shown. This study used ICI 182,780, a non-selective estrogen receptor antagonist, to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in traumatic brain injury is mediated by the estrogen receptors. METHODS The ovariectomized rats were divided into eight g...

Mild traumatic brain injury typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function. Previous studies used the water pressure or rotational injury for designing the device to make a rat mild traumatic brain injury model. The objective of this study was to make a simple model of mild traumatic brain injury in rat. The device consisted of a freefall impactor that was targeted onto the ra...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence and severity of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN Cross-sectional study with prospective neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological examinations and retrospective medical record review. PATIENTS Thirty-one consecutive, traumatic spinal cord injury patients on their first post-acute rehabilitation ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of missed acute care traumatic brain injury diagnoses in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury, and to examine risk factors for missed traumatic brain injury diagnosis. DESIGN Prospective magnetic resonance imaging and neuro-psychological assessment plus retrospective medical record review, including computed tomography. SUBJECTS Ninety-two adults w...

Mammary Paget's disease (MPD) is a rare manifestation of breast carcinoma involving the nipple. Our objective was to identify molecular markers and molecular subtypes that may predict patients at high risk of developing MPD. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were performed with antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), HER2, epidermal growth fact...

conclusions with regards to the predictive strength of the combination of gcs and iss, a predictive system for analyzing the clinical outcome may be provided. results 15496 traumatic patients referred to the hospital and traumatic deaths occurred in 289 patients. blunt trauma accounted for 286 (99%) of death and penetrating trauma for only 1%. our findings concerning the injury pattern, correla...

BACKGROUND Blast-related traumatic brain injuries have been common in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, but fundamental questions about the nature of these injuries remain unanswered. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that blast-related traumatic brain injury causes traumatic axonal injury, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an advanced form of magnetic resonance imaging that is sensitive to a...