Apologies are sources of problems in the process of Persian-English subtitling as they are performed with variant forms and functions in these two languages and cultures. ‘Ta’ārof apologies’-Persian apologies which are extended to show politeness-creates more serious obstacles for the subtitlers. These difficulties root in the culture-specific contexts in which they are used as well as the cult...

Translation plays an important role in conveying and manipulating ideologies. Accordingly, this study sought to analyze the ideological elements in the English subtitles of the Persian movie The Salesman. The framework to find the driven ideological strategies in the translation of the Persian audio of the same movie was based on the critical discourse analysis (...

A comparison of different T-norms and S-norms for interval type-2 fuzzy number weights is proposed in this work. The interval type-2 fuzzy number weights are used in a neural network with an interval backpropagation learning enhanced method for weight adjustment. Results of experiments and a comparative research between traditional neural networks and the neural network with interval type-2 fuz...

The translation of medical research from bench-to-bedside often requires integrated input from multiple expert teams. These collectives can best be understood through the lens of multiteam systems theory. Team charters are a practical tool thought to facilitate team performance through the creation of explicit shared norms for behavior. We extend the current literature on team charters to the m...

Background: Addressing health disparities in the global community requires awareness of how cultural differences in beliefs, traditions, norms, and values shape health problems and behaviors. Review: This paper reviews methods of assessing health behaviors, how these assessments may be affected by cross-cultural differences, and methods of adaptation of health behaviors across cultures. We desc...

The present contribution proposes to analyse the evolution of meaning ‘peaceful’ in space law as an example how international norms can be emptied their substance without putting legality into question. By highlighting different phases ‘peaceful purposes’ principle and linking it peculiar context security dilemmas time, motivations form which was contested are fleshed out. Drawing on this case ...