The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers’ initial strategy to access urban land creates a ‘legacy effect’ that curtails settlement upgrading possibilities even after the settlements are ...

It is commonly believed that Adventure-based Counseling (ABC) training is intended for young people who are active and energetic. The St. James’ Settlement (a NGO) in Hong Kong, however, believes that such training can also have positive effects on the young olds (individuals aged 50-65). A group of young old trainees was recruited from the community to help implement related activities to elde...

Cost-effective public transit options suitable for serving all demand levels include: bus service in mixed traffic, bus service in reserved lane, transitway/buswdy, light rail transit (LRT) (segregated right of way), intermediate capacity advanced light rail transit (ALRT), and heavy rail rapid transit. This classification of transit options takes into account right-of-way access (that is, mixe...

In recent years, with half the world’s population living in towns and cities and most of them relying heavily on public transport to meet their mobility needs, efficient and effective public transport operations have become critical to sustainable economic and social development. Nowadays, Light Rail Transit Systems are considered to be the most promising technological approach to satisfy these...

• Traffic lights and demand are the major source of instability bus services. Control strategies required to keep regular services in multi-route corridors. Regularity is achieved even when branched route segments heterogeneous. Regular operations don’t minimize travel times passenger transfer flow high. Many transit network layouts require operation multiple routes along a common segment busie...

This paper presents design methods for a flexible-route transit system, in which vehicles travel within predetermined areas to provide door-to-door service. The main advantage of this system is that passengers no longer have access stations order gain suitable low and heterogeneous passenger demand distribution as it features hybrid layout includes both hub-and-spoke network the peripheral regi...

This paper presents a mathematical methodology for transit route network optimization. The goal is to provide an effective computational tool for the optimization of large-scale transit route networks. The objectives are to minimize transfers and optimize route directness while maximizing service coverage. The formulation of the methodology consists of three parts: (1) representation of transit...

The aim of this paper is to identify the potential Ukrainian grain transport route through Poland, and predict effects using for domestic market. Analytical methods are used in research, including SWOT analysis variant analysis. It found that, even with a certain organizational investment effort, Poland may be, at most, significant supplement other export routes. available transport, reloading,...

This paper is concerned with a dynamic vehicle routing problem. The problem is dynamic in the sense that the time it will take to traverse each edge is uncertain. The problem is expressed as a bi-criterion optimisation with the mutually exclusive aims of minimising both the total mean transit time and the total variance in transit time. In this paper we introduce a hybrid dynamic programming an...