Lumbar radiculopathy is a common disorder with a prevalence of 2.2-8% [1]. Mechanical compression by a herniated lumbar disc or foraminal stenosis, along with an induced inflammatory response, is thought to underlie radicular pain [2]. Transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESI) are widely used for the management of lumbar radicular pain provoked by herniated discopathy and spinal stenos...

We read with great interest the article by Glaser and Shah titled “Root Cause Analysis of Paraplegia Following Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: The Unsafe Triangle (Pain Physician 2010; 13:237-244). For years, the well known “safe triangle” (when performing transforaminal lumbar epidural steroid injection) has been taught and learned by hundreds of interventionists in International S...

Pain Physician Vol. 8, No. 3, 2005 To the Editor: Over the past few years, multiple articles have appeared on the subject of transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Reports of devastating neurological injuries, including death and paraplegia, fuel concern for transforaminal epidural injections (1-5). There is also a widely-held belief that many cases of severe spinal cord injury have gone u...

A 23-year-old primigravid patient who received epidural analgesia for pain of labour presented with persistent, apparently irremediable, unilateral analgesia. Computerized axial tomo-epidurography demonstrated absence of circumferential spread due to lateral placement of the catheter. Transforaminal escape of contrast medium into the paravertebral area had occurred and anterior and posterior mi...

BACKGROUND Among the multiple modalities of treatments available in managing chronic spinal pain, including surgery and multiple interventional techniques, epidural injections by various routes, such as interlaminar epidural injections, caudal epidural injections, transforaminal epidural injections, and percutaneous adhesiolysis are common. Even though the complications of fluoroscopically dir...

conclusions the pil epidural injection is as effective as tf epidural injection in improving pain and functional status, in patients with chronic lumbosacral low back pain, due to disc degeneration. results effective pain relief [numeric rating scale (nrs) < 3] was observed in 77.3% (95% ci: 67‒90.5%) of patients in pil group and 74.2% (95% ci: 62.4 - 89.4%) of patients in the tf group (p = 0.3...