Invasomes are the liposomal vesicles embodying small amounts of ethanol and terpenes or terpene mixtures, which act as potential carriers with increased skin penetration. Invasomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes and ethosomes. Invasomes provide a number of advantages including improving the drug’s efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort. This a...

The skin of mammals is an excellent anatomical and biochemical barrier. Non-invasive transport across the skin is therefore only feasible for relatively small molecules (MW > 400 Da) [1]. Special tile-like cell organisation in the skin and the sealing of intercellular contacts by the lipids that are tightly packed and attached covalently to cutaneous cell membranes are both responsible for this...

Over the last few years an inclusive research has been done over provesicular approach for transdermal drug delivery. Skin has a very tough diffusion barrier inhibiting penetration of drug moiety which is rate limiting barrier for penetration of drugs. There are several approaches that deal with penetration enhancement across the skin. Vesicular and provesicular systems are promising amongst th...

Address for correspondence: William T. Cefalu Department of Medicine University of Vermont, College of Medicine UHC Campus,Arnold 3433 One South Prospect Street Burlington,Vermont 05401 United States Telephone: (802) 847-8901 E-mail: william.cefalu@ uvm.edu 43 noninvasive insulin delivery systems INTRODUCTION Since its discovery, insulin has been the mainstay of treatment for patients with type...