Four indispensable constituents of electrochemical biosensors for EDCs detection in water: effective signal transduction pathways, highly conductive electrodes, various functional additives surface modification, and biorecognition elements.

‘Simple RGC’ consists of a collection ImageJ plugins to assist researchers investigating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury models in addition helping assess the effectiveness treatments. The first plugin named ‘RGC Counter’ accurately calculates total number RGCs from wholemount images. second Transduction’ measures co-localisation between two channels making it possible determine transduction...

Vibrationally distinguishable amino acid, azidophenylalanine, reveals site-specific information of a bacteriophytochrome in action. Collective responses are observed, yet each site shows specific kinetics the protein signal transduction.

mitochondrial respiration is a complex process which its biochemistry is often poorly understood by undergraduate students when explained in toxicology lectures. the use of experiments to reinforce their knowledge is important, but not always possible because of low teaching budgets. therefore, a low cost model, made using water, oil, styrofoam and modeling clay, is presented here to simulate t...