Reproductive toxicity testing is one of the most complex, expensive and labor intensive fields of toxicology (Leist et al. drastically demonstrate the fundamental importance of reliable developmental toxicity tests for human safety (van Recently, human embryonic stem cell based in vitro test systems have been established that recapitulate critical periods of human early development (Krug et al....

In an era of small RNA (sRNA) transcriptomics, microRNAs (miRNAs) require little introduction. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that play vital role in post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in nucleotide sequence dependent manner either by cleaving target mRNA or by repressing cognate mRNA translation [1]. In plants, miRNAs have been implicated in regulating the expression of tar...

The course of any disease is determined by a complex interplay between innate characteristics and environmental triggers. Accordingly, evidence-based risk factor assessment in heart disease requires a detailed family history to gauge inherited features and accurate estimates of smoking, diet, exercise, and other aspects that constitute important extrinsic disease modifiers. The value of traditi...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset, incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of upper and lowers motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex, which ultimately leads to paralysis and death within 2-3 years of onset. ALS is poorly understood, although multiple studies have been proposed to explain the pathophysiological mechanism...

Human challenge models, in which volunteers are experimentally infected with a pathogen of interest, provide the opportunity to directly identify both natural and vaccine-induced correlates of protection. In this review, we highlight how the application of transcriptomics to human challenge studies allows for the identification of novel correlates and gives insight into the immunological pathwa...

Transcriptomics (or functional genomics) is a powerful tool that allow researchers to connect their knowledge of cells, biomarkers, and disease onset, hence providing novel diagnostic therapeutic solutions perspectives. It includes the tempo-spatial distribution, communication interaction key cellular mRNA biomarkers cross-talking networks, role in influencing intracellular extracellular dynami...