This paper explores the relationship between fiscal federalism, understood as institutionalized regional economic self-rule, and convergence in regional per capita incomes. The principal economic argument against fiscal federalism is that, unless paired with generous equalization grants, it will enhance regional inequalities by reducing inter-regional redistribution. Does the evidence support t...

the collapse of the soviet :union: in 1991, and the transformation of the old security arrangement created a new geopolitical environment in the caucasus region. in fact, the unique geographical conditions, ethnic- racial and religious diversity, the heritage of socialism in the cultural, political, economic and social structures, strategic position, competitions between regional and extra-regi...

In recent years, auction mechanisms have been widely implemented in online platforms, leading to the advent of reverse auctions sites on which people can offer smalland medium-sized projects such as craft or information technology (IT) projects. These sites are especially interesting for freelancers who can bid for a particular project. The principal offering the project can make a decision bas...

More than five years down the line Venezuela had been slipping into an economic cri-sis. An economy wholly dependent on the sale of oil and no diversification of economic production is sure to face such a crisis. The fluctuation in oil prices is sure to hurt the market and the economy. To make matters worse, Venezuela now faces a political crisis with two individuals claiming themselves to be P...

this article discusses the german, ottoman and british rivalries to dominate the oil lands of caucasia just after the bolshevik revolution of russia and surveys the impact of above-mentioned rivalries on the general situation of region. hence, the strategic importance of the region will be discussed from the viewpoints of the three great powers. furthermore, the main military force of britain i...

security issues are the main concerns for players in international relations, for they put them on guard against potential relations that might cause threats. security feeling or lack of it determines the modality of cooperation and alliance among regional and trans-regional countries. the european :union: is vulnerable to threats and crises arising in the neighboring middle east. this state of...

The UT Austin Villa 2003 simulated online soccer coach was a first time entry in the RoboCup Coach Competition. In developing the coach, the main research focus was placed on treating advice-giving as a learning problem. The coach learns to predict agent behavior from past observations and automatically generates advice to improve its team’s performance. Using this approach, the UT Austin Villa...