Locomotion and foraging on the wing require precise navigation in more than just the horizontal plane. Navigation in three dimensions and, specifically, precise adjustment of flight height are essential for flying animals. Echolocating bats drink from water surfaces in flight, which requires an exceptionally precise vertical navigation. Here, we exploit this behavior in the bat, Phyllostomus di...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forward head posture (FHP) on proprioception by determining the cervical position-reposition error. [Subjects and Methods] A sample population was divided into two groups in accordance with the craniovertebral angle: the FHP group and the control group. We measured the craniovertebral angle, which is defined as the angle betwe...

© 2009 The Authors. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0617 Journal Compilation © 2009 Acta Dermato-Venereologica. ISSN 0001-5555 Sir, Accessory tragus is a minor congenital malformation that may be confused with a skin tag (1, 2). We describe here a rare case of multiple accessory tragi of a neonate, located simultaneously in the bilateral preauricular area and on the lateral neck. These lesions were almos...

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, clinically characterized by the acute development of peripheral edema and targetoid purpuric lesions on the face and extremities. The clinical picture has a violent onset with a short benign course followed by spontaneous complete recovery. We describe a five-month-old boy with acute hemorrhagic edema, in whom the di...

BACKGROUND The forehead is a common site for injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) to treat hyperactive facial muscles. Unexpected side effects of BoNT-A injection may occur because the anatomy of the forehead musculature is not fully characterized. OBJECTIVES The authors described the lateral border of the frontalis in terms of facial landmarks and reference lines to determine th...

The study provides the first record of Eumops glaucinus in Maranhão state, located northern region Brazil. collected specimen was a non-lactating adult female, with grayish pelage, broad ears, smooth face, well-developed and squarish tragus, elongated snout. combined analysis morphological molecular data (COI, Cyt b, rRNA 16S genes) confirmed occurrence E. state Maranhão. This extends known spe...

Directional properties of the sound transformation at the ear of four intact echolocating bats, Eptesicus fuscus, were investigated via measurements of the head-related transfer function (HRTF). Contributions of external ear structures to directional features of the transfer functions were examined by remeasuring the HRTF in the absence of the pinna and tragus. The investigation mainly focused ...

temporal bones. The orbit consists of the maxilla, zygoma, frontal, sphenoid, orbital, and lacrimal bones (Fig. 76.1). The face is conventionally divided into thirds: upper, middle, and lower. The borders of each third are loosely defined by branches of the trigeminal nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the face. Identification of the exiting foramen for the distributing branches of th...

30 Locomotion and foraging on the wing require precise navigation not only in the 31 horizontal plane. Navigation in three dimensions and specifically, precise adjustment 32 of flight height is essential for flying animals. Echolocating bats drink from water 33 surfaces in flight, which requires an exceptionally precise vertical navigation. Here we 34 exploit this behavior in the bat, Phyllosto...