This paper estimates for 28 product groups a characteristic parameter that reflects the topological structure of its trading network. Using these estimates, it then describes how the structure of international trade has evolved during during the 19802000 period. Thereafter, it demonstrates the importance of networks in international trade by explicitly accounting for their scaling properties wh...

cinnamon plant, especially its peel, is one of the considerable spices for its using as drug, spice and freshener from ancient times. distribution of different kinds of cinnamon is in some regions of eastern and southern asia and it has been traded to other countries. but because of the importance and high price of this spice, its history has been mixed with tales and superstitions. this articl...

The growth of regional trade blocks has been one of the major developments in international relations in recent years. Regional agreements vary widely but, all have the objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries that in most cases result in increasingly trade flows and economic growth. This paper attempts to explore the results of trade integration in ECO, EU and OIC block...

We study the leverage of firms making large dividend increases. Over the five years following the dividend increase they raise leverage enough to finance the entire dividend increase for that period with debt. This is not explained by trade-off variables or the pecking order. The effect is greatest for big firms with low-powered incentives, suggesting an agency effect whereby they make large di...

This study examines the marginal intra-industry trade (MIIT) and its components horizontally, and marginal vertical intra-industry trade (MVIIT) applied to the United States. We present an alternative methodology to evaluate marginal intra-industry trade (MIIT) which was presented by Thom and McDowell (1999) and Azhar and Elliot (2008). Using a panel data approach, the results show a negative c...

Trade among Arab countries has been very weak despite previous efforts to engage into different forms of regional economic integration. Using the flexible framework provided by the Gravity Model, the paper gives an order of magnitude of the main factors often presented in explaining the weakness of inter-Arab Trade. The results of the model together with several indicators about export profiles...

The Statements of Antitrust Enforcement Policy in Health Care, issued by the FTC and the DOJ, dramatically change how the agencies evaluate physician joint venture networks. This article analyzes the Statements, providing useful guidance to the health lawyer.