This case study on cadmium illustrates a methodological framework for modeling the relation between external and internal dose in which interindividual variability is an integral component. The interindividual variability in intake of cadmium together with the variability in organ weights cannot explain the interindividual variability in internal doses. Therefore, variation in physiology was ta...

Increased manganese (Mn) use in manufacturing and in gasoline has raised concern about Mn-induced parkinsonism. Previous research indicated carrier-mediated brain entry but did not assess brain efflux. Using in situ rat brain perfusion, we studied influx across the blood-brain barrier (BBB*) of three predominant plasma Mn species available to enter the brain: Mn2+, Mn citrate, and Mn transferri...