[1] We calculate that the oceanic torque vectors (x, y, z components) acting on the solid Earth using the Parallel Ocean Climate Model (POCM) output data at 3-day intervals for the period 1988–1995. This study examined three distinct types of torque, with different physical mechanisms: pressure, gravitational, and frictional. The pressure torque is further divided into two parts: that due to Ea...

In haptic length perception biases occur that have previously been shown to depend on stimulus orientation and stimulus length. We propose that these biases arise from the muscular torque needed to counteract the gravitational forces acting on the arm. In a model study, we founded this hypothesis by showing that differences in muscular torque can indeed explain the pattern of biases obtained in...

The aim of this paper is to present the difference of induction machine electromechanical characteristics in motor and generator operating modes. Firstly, the paper presents analytically derived equations, which are based on equivalent circuit and are used for calculation of induction machine breakdown torque. Secondly, a comparison of calculated and measured characteristics in motor and genera...

[Purpose] The purposes of this study were first to analyze the multijoint dynamics of downward squatting, and to examine the contribution of interaction torque and muscle torque to net torque, and second, to examine mechanisms of movement control. [Subjects] The subjects were 31 healthy men with a mean age of 21.0 ± 1.2 years (range, 19-24 years). [Methods] Squatting tasks with the trunk in two...

To determine whether the asymptote of the torque-duration relationship (critical torque) could be estimated from the torque measured at the end of a series of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the quadriceps, eight healthy men performed eight laboratory tests. Following familiarization, subjects performed two tests in which they were required to perform 60 isometric MVCs over a period of...

The unique performance features of harmonic drives, such as highs gear ratios and high torque capacities in a compact geometry, justify their widespread industrial application especially in many electrically actuated robot manipulators. In many robotic control strategies it is assumed that the actuator is acting as a torque source, and in order to implement such algorithms it is necessary to ac...

Interior permanent magnet synchronous machines are unavoidably subject to production tolerances. Quantities like permanent magnet flux or air gap thickness of a machine may deviate with regard to their nominal parameter values. Driven with a conventional torque control strategy this leads to inaccuracy of the output torque. Especially for traction drives in road vehicles, significant torque err...

Smooth motion is critical to some robotic applications such as haptics or those requiring high precision force control. These systems are often direct-drive, so any torque ripple in the motor output must be minimal. Unfortunately, low inherent torque ripple motors are expensive. Low cost brushless DC motors are becoming more prevalent, especially from the hobby RC community. These motors often ...

the aim of study was to investigate and compare the concentric torque of quadriceps and hamstring muscles and timed-walking test in two groups. thus, one group of healthy subjects and one group of patients with low grade of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (oa) were selected. concentric torque of quadriceps and hamstring were measured in both groups. besides, pain measurement, timed-walking test, ra...