From 1863-1914, banks in the U.S. could issue notes subject to full collateral, a per-period tax on outstanding notes, redemption of notes on demand, and a clearing fee per issued note cleared through the Treasury. The system failed to satisfy a purported arbitrage condition; i.e., the yield on collateral exceeded the tax rate plus the product of the clearing fee and the average clearing rate o...

Optical clearing allows the reduction of light scattering in biological tissue, enabling 3D morphological information to be obtained deep within tissue using techniques such as optical projection tomography and light sheet microscopy. However, the extent of the clearing is dependent on the technique that is used. There is therefore a need for methods to quantify the quality of the clearing proc...

this paper reports multidisciplinary treatment of a dental trauma case to achieve a favorable prognosis. a healthy 14-year-old girl reported avulsion of teeth 11 and 21 which had occurred three months earlier. the initial treatment consisting of replantation with a semi-rigid splint was performed in hospital. at presentation, the patient was still using the semi-rigid splint. the clinical exami...

The clearing land or clearing of oil palm plantations needs stakeholders‟ involvement in decision making, such as the role of government group, environmentalists, investors and the agricultural community groups from non-governmental organizations (NGO). This paper discusses about the Group Decision Support (GDS) that can be used for Oil Palm Plantation Land Clearing cases involving various stak...

In an environment of Over-The-Counter trading with asymmetric information about the quality of the counterparty, we study traders’ incentives to screen their counterparties under different clearing arrangements. When traders can choose the clearing arrangement, they decide which types of transactions to clear under each arrangement, with significant consequences for transparency and collateral ...

This article introduces actuaries to the concept of "copulas," a tool for understanding relationships among multivariate outcomes. A copula is a function that links univariate marginals to their full multivariate distribution. Copulas were introduced in 1959 in the context of probabilistic metric spaces. Recently, there has been a rapidly developing literature on the statistical properties and ...

introduction: the aim of the present in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (cbct) in determining root canal morphology of mandibular first molars in comparison with staining and clearing technique. methods and materials: cbct images were taken from 96 extracted human mandibular first molars and the teeth were then evaluated based on vertucci’s classificatio...